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psy307 evol ch9 p285
ch. 9 p285-96end
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| modern safety may cause lack of critical events which | leads to a lack of a feeling of deep social connectedness (discriminate true and fair weather friends) |
| limited niches for friendships should be decided by | number of slots already filled, evaluate who emits positive externalities (benefits not intentional altruism), select friends who can read your mind and irreplaceable, and have the same wants (eg. wild parties-tag along) |
| alliance hypothesis | friendship is to assemble support groups that can come to one's aid in social conflicts |
| primary risk of friendship | failing to form friendships characterized by mutual help engagement |
| deep engagement versus reciprocal exchange | pleasure in company and success, moved to help, versus weak friendships that lack genuine trust |
| for men, more that women, one function of opposite-sex friendship is | to provide short-term sexual access |
| men reported more often than did women | unreciprocated attraction toward opposite sex friends |
| women reported more often than did men | an opposite-sex friendship in which their friend was romantically attracted to them, but not visa versa |
| men more frequently were denied | access to their opposite-sex friends |
| for women, more than men, a function of opposite-sex friendship is to | provide protection |
| women have an evolved preference for men who are able and willing to offer them | resources and protection |
| opposite-sex friendships, more than same-sex friends, function to provide | information about the opposite sex |
| in same-sex friendships, women more than men, | received information about the opposite sex |
| men and women reported that gaining information from members of the opposite-sex from an opposite sex friend | was more beneficial than that from a same-sex friend |
| men and women perceive intrasexual rivalry as | a potential cost of the same-sex relationship |
| sexual rivalry was reported as | more costly in same-sex rather than opposite-sex friendships |
| men reported more frequent than did women | intrasexual rivalry in their same-sex friendships (may be because men view short-term sexual access as an important benefit of same-sex relationships) |
| women's more than men's friendships | tend to be intimate |
| women are more sensitive to | values and preferences of their friends and engage in more relational maintenance |
| men, more than women, prefer | a large number of less intimate friendships, spend less time in them and do not share as much personal information |
| since historically women often mated exogamously | they had to rely heavily on women who were not their kin |
| men tend to use friendships to achieve some | common goal (hunting, defense, warfare) |
| cooperative coalitions | alliances for collective action to achieve a common goal |
| hunter-gatherer cooperative coalitions were for | hunting, food sharing, launching a raid, defending, building shelters |
| humans have evolved specialized psychological mechanisms | designed to promote cooperative coalitions |
| coalition problems | defection (claim injury and return home), free riding (out of cash after group meal) |
| evolutionary stable strategy | once it predominates in a population, it cannot be invaded or displaced by any other strategy (defection) |
| for cooperative coalitions to evolve | the problems of free-riders and potential defection must be solved |
| cooperative coalitions can evolve if free-riders are | punished |
| "punishment sentiment" hypothesis | a desire to harm slackers in the group motivates members to punish free riders: motivates contribution and damages free-riders fitness |
| the more someone was willing to contribute | the more that person wanted to punish non contributers |
| punishment sentiment and "altruistic punishment" may be | human universals: when punishing, dorsal striatum (reward area) lights up, especially for males (revenge is sweet) |
| cultural group selection (strong reciprocity) | if groups competed and the most successful groups enforced group-altruistic norms then cultural group selection favors enforced group-altruistic norms |
| reputational benefits from punishing | others less likely to cheat punisher, more often sought out because they are perceived as more trustworthy |
| anonymous game eyespots or audience | increased prosocial behavior |
| shunning (ostracizing) | may save cost of helping non contributor as well as causing intense psychological and physical pain and helping maintain a good reputation |
| gossip may help | social bonding and controlling free-riders |
| cooperative coalitions need to solve problem of | coordinating divergent interest toward common goal, imposing group obligations on members, and punishing free riders |
| theories to explain altruism | kin and reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, costly signaling |
Created by:
james22222222
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