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psy.307evolCh8 248-
Ch8 248-62 (end)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| humans have a large array of mating adaptations because mating | is so close to the engine of evolutionary process;differential reproductive success |
| greater vigilance is maintained over the mating relationships of | closer than distant kin and female than male kin |
| cortisol increases alertness but | inhibits growth and hinders reproductive function |
| children living with close kin had | lower cortisol levels |
| number of genetic relatives present predicted | who died of the Mayflower pioneers |
| in rural Malawi having siblings | linked to higher survival rates |
| during evolutionary bottlenecks | genetic relatives exert a strong influence on the odds of survival |
| wills leave more resources to | closer kin of higher reproductive value (more to offspring than siblings) directly or through spouse |
| men tend to leave all wealth to post-reproductive wives, while | women more likely to allocate resources directly to their children |
| grandparental investment hypothesis | FaFa<FaMo<MoFa<MoMo |
| kinds of grandparents investments | closeness, time, knowledge, resoursces |
| Only MoMo's survival | increases grandchild's survival |
| grandmother hypothesis | women evolved a long postmenopausal lifespan because grandparental investment enabled women to increase their inclusive fitness |
| absent father hypothesis | because men die younger and leave to younger mate, stop directly reproducing and invest in offspring advantageous to grandmother's inclusive fitness |
| laterality effect | maternal aunts and uncles invest more than paternal aunts and uncles (paternal uncertainty) |
| sex effect | aunts invest more than uncles (men invest more in mating opportunities) |
| altruism toward cousins | FaBro<FaSis<MoBro<MoSis (children) |
| in families | offspring continue to live with their parents after they can reproduce |
| simple families (Stephen Emlen) | single parent or conjugal pair where only one female reproduces |
| extended families | two or more relatives of the same sex may reproduce |
| biparental family | both mother and father share responsibility for parenting |
| matrilineal family | male is absent |
| 3% of all bird and mammalian species | form families |
| remaining in the nest | caries a tremendous reproductive cost (offspring reproduction suppression) |
| primary costs inflicted on offspring by families | delayed reproduction and concentrated rather than dispersed competition for resources |
| ecological constraints model of evolution of families | scarcity of reproductive vacancies (resource niches providing opportunity for reproduction) available to offspring |
| family benefits model of evolution of families | protection to enhance survival, enhanced competitive ability (greater size or skills), inheritability of resources, inclusive fitness from cooperating with kin |
| Emlen's theory synthesis | offspring>reproductive vacancies and must wait for such, large home benefits (increased skills, resources, survival) |
| family dynamics of kinship and cooperation | unstable (depend on reproductive vacancies). higher resource families more stable (for inheritance), more rearing help, conflict over breeding vacancy, vacancy filled by non-kin adds to sexual aggression |
| Davis and Daly critique of Emlen's theory | non-reproductive helpers, other group competition, reciprocal altruism with non-kin may affect family stability |
| postmenopausal women | cannot exploit breeding vacancy |
| unreciprocated help with rearing | prevalent among families than among comparable groups lacking kin relatives |
| sibling conflict | access to parental resources |
| birds screen offspring for quality | by stage-managing conflicts and producing surplus offspring |
| scramble competition | increase level of suckling, siblicide (brother sex competition), conflict over grandparent resources, |
| parent-offspring conflict | sibling wants more at expense of parent and sibling |
| parental conflict | sensitive to spouse's diversion and manipulation of guilt of resources to other kin |
Created by:
james22222222
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