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psy.307evolCh8 248-

Ch8 248-62 (end)

TermDefinition
humans have a large array of mating adaptations because mating is so close to the engine of evolutionary process;differential reproductive success
greater vigilance is maintained over the mating relationships of closer than distant kin and female than male kin
cortisol increases alertness but inhibits growth and hinders reproductive function
children living with close kin had lower cortisol levels
number of genetic relatives present predicted who died of the Mayflower pioneers
in rural Malawi having siblings linked to higher survival rates
during evolutionary bottlenecks genetic relatives exert a strong influence on the odds of survival
wills leave more resources to closer kin of higher reproductive value (more to offspring than siblings) directly or through spouse
men tend to leave all wealth to post-reproductive wives, while women more likely to allocate resources directly to their children
grandparental investment hypothesis FaFa<FaMo<MoFa<MoMo
kinds of grandparents investments closeness, time, knowledge, resoursces
Only MoMo's survival increases grandchild's survival
grandmother hypothesis women evolved a long postmenopausal lifespan because grandparental investment enabled women to increase their inclusive fitness
absent father hypothesis because men die younger and leave to younger mate, stop directly reproducing and invest in offspring advantageous to grandmother's inclusive fitness
laterality effect maternal aunts and uncles invest more than paternal aunts and uncles (paternal uncertainty)
sex effect aunts invest more than uncles (men invest more in mating opportunities)
altruism toward cousins FaBro<FaSis<MoBro<MoSis (children)
in families offspring continue to live with their parents after they can reproduce
simple families (Stephen Emlen) single parent or conjugal pair where only one female reproduces
extended families two or more relatives of the same sex may reproduce
biparental family both mother and father share responsibility for parenting
matrilineal family male is absent
3% of all bird and mammalian species form families
remaining in the nest caries a tremendous reproductive cost (offspring reproduction suppression)
primary costs inflicted on offspring by families delayed reproduction and concentrated rather than dispersed competition for resources
ecological constraints model of evolution of families scarcity of reproductive vacancies (resource niches providing opportunity for reproduction) available to offspring
family benefits model of evolution of families protection to enhance survival, enhanced competitive ability (greater size or skills), inheritability of resources, inclusive fitness from cooperating with kin
Emlen's theory synthesis offspring>reproductive vacancies and must wait for such, large home benefits (increased skills, resources, survival)
family dynamics of kinship and cooperation unstable (depend on reproductive vacancies). higher resource families more stable (for inheritance), more rearing help, conflict over breeding vacancy, vacancy filled by non-kin adds to sexual aggression
Davis and Daly critique of Emlen's theory non-reproductive helpers, other group competition, reciprocal altruism with non-kin may affect family stability
postmenopausal women cannot exploit breeding vacancy
unreciprocated help with rearing prevalent among families than among comparable groups lacking kin relatives
sibling conflict access to parental resources
birds screen offspring for quality by stage-managing conflicts and producing surplus offspring
scramble competition increase level of suckling, siblicide (brother sex competition), conflict over grandparent resources,
parent-offspring conflict sibling wants more at expense of parent and sibling
parental conflict sensitive to spouse's diversion and manipulation of guilt of resources to other kin
Created by: james22222222
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