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psy.307 Evol. ch 8
ch8 p. 237-48
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| theory of inclusive fitness | selection will favor adaptations for helping kin in proportion to their relatedness |
| altruism | incurring a cost to self, providing benefit to others; under most conditions altruism will not evolve |
| Hamilton's Rule (Hamilton's formulation of inclusive fitness0 | altruism could evolve if cost to self outweighed by altruism benefit times probability recipient carried a copy of that gene for altruism |
| c<rb | cost < genetic relatedness X benefit to recipient |
| evolvability constraint | Only those genes that code for traits that fulfill Hamilton's rule can spread throughout the population to become species-typical repertiore |
| birth order niches (Sulloway's theory) | firstborn favoritism (conservative), second-born rebel, later-borns least to gain (rebels), youngest more benefit |
| middle-borns | less likely to cheat on their mates and less likely to identify with families |
| full sibs more likely than half sibs | to cooperate |
| grandmother hypothesis | menopause to stop direct reproduction in favor of investing in children and grandchildren |
| ego-centered kin terminology | universal |
| kin systems make critical distinctions | along the lines of sex, generation, and closeness because these characteristics of kin member are pivotal to adaptive problems faced |
| degree of cooperation and solidarity with kin | will be a function of their degree of relatedness |
| elders of extended kin family will | encourage younger members to behave altruistically and cooperatively toward collateral kin than they are inclined to |
| position in kin network | will be core components of self-concept |
| everyone will be aware of | who their real (genetic) relatives are despite different cultural kin terms |
| kinship terms will be used to | persuade and influence people (even if not actual kin) |
| predator confusion gs hypothesis | confusion may help alarm caller escape (false) |
| parental investment gs hypothesis | alarm call may function as a parental investment (partial: females emit calls when no children around) |
| inclusive fitness gs hypothesis (inclusive fitness altruism) | signal alerts vehicles of caller's genes (females rush to assist all relatives) |
| kin recognition functions in | parental care, kin altruism, inbreeding, and optimal outbreeding, |
| cues for kin recognition | infancy exposure, breastfed (prefers odor of mother not father), sibling odor, phenotypic resemblance (upper facial resemblance) |
| kind classification systems | genealogical distance, social rank (relative age), group membership (clumps of kin), maternal/paternal same/opposite sex |
| genealogical distance identifies | kinship value |
| social rank | help available |
| women help LA questionnaire | 1/3 from kin by closeness, primarily to those of higher reproductive potential, from older to younger |
| help should increase with | genetic relatedness and reproductive value, while decreasing with age: especially for life or death scenario; trivial increase with age after 18 |
| help goes more to healthy kin than | those with reproductive limitations |
| as costs escalated kin got | more and friends less help |
| relatedness strong predictor of | emotional closeness (Germans: +.50) regardless of proximity |
| frequency of contact and doing favors | also correlated with relatedness |
| death of healthy child causes | more grief than that of sick child |
| emotional closeness may be | underlying psychological mechanism prompting altruism toward close relatives |
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