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Apologia Human Body
Module 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Upper respiratory tract | The part of the respiratory system containing the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx |
| Lower respiratory tract | The part of the respiratory system containing the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| Ventilation | The process of getting air into the lungs and getting it back out |
| External respiration | The process of O₂ and CO₂ exchange between the alveoli and the blood |
| Internal respiration | The process of O₂ and CO₂ exchange between the cells and the blood |
| Pneumothorax | Air in the pleural cavity, which leads to a collapsed lung |
| Surfactant | A molecule with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end |
| Compliance | The ease with which the lungs inflate |
| Aspirate | To take in by means of suction |
| Tidal volume | The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal, quiet breathing |
| Functional residual capacity | The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation |
| Total lung capacity | The maximum volume of air contained in the lungs after a forceful inhalation |
| Residual volume | The volume of air left in the lungs after a forceful exhalation |
| The six layers of the respiratory membrane | Capillary endothelium, basement membrane of capillary endothelium, interstitial space, basement membrane of alveolar epithelium, alveolar epithelium, alveolar fluid |
| A lung infection which builds up fluid in the alveoli | pneumonia |
| Difficulty inhaling due to a lack of surfactant in the alveoli | respiratory distress syndrome |
| Difficulty exhaling due to lack of elastic tissue | emphysema |
| A loss of negative pressure in the pleural cavity | pneumothorax |
| When a person's diaphragm is contracted, the pressure in the lungs is ________________ compared to that of the atmosphere while the air is still flowing. | lower |
| A person's abdominal muscles are tightly contracted for breathing, meaning that they are ________________. | forcefully exhaling |
| A person's sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are contracted as far as possible for breathing, so the volume of the air is closest to the _________________. | total lung capacity |
| A person's airway becomes partially blocked due to an obstruction, so of the six factors which increase the efficiency of external respiration, ____________________ is affected. | controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow |
| In the Hering-Breuer reflex, receptors in the bronchioles send signals to the _____________________. | medulla |
| In the Hering-Breuer reflex, receptors in the bronchioles send signals that are __________________. | inhibitory |
| If blood pH is falling, the respiratory system can ________________ to rectify the situation. | increase rate and depth of ventilation |
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