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Ch. 9 & 10 Key Terms

QuestionAnswer
Base-Pairing Rules A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G
Complementary Base Pairs the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other strand.
DNA Replication process of making a copy of DNA.
DNA Helicases opens double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the complementary nitrogen bonds that link the complementary nitrogen bases between the two strands.
Replication Forks the areas where the double helix separates.
DNA Polymerases enzymes move along each of the DNA strands & add nucleotides to the exposed nitrogen bases, they also "proofread" & remove & add the right nucleotide if the first one was wrong, this reduces errors to about 1 error per 1 billion nucleotides.
mRNA messenger RNA, a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation.
Codons the RNA instructions are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA.
Genetic Code the amino acids and "start" and "stop" signals that are coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons.
tRNA transfer RNA, are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end.
Anticodon three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon.
Ribosomal RNA are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes.
Operator piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch.
Operon in bacteria, a group of genes that code for enzymes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them.
Repressor a protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site.
Introns long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information.
Exons portions of a gene that are translated (expressed) into proteins.
Point Mutation when a single nucleotide changes.
Vaccine substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents, including certain bacteria.
Virulent able to cause disease
Transformation a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
Bacteriophage a virus that infects bacteria.
Double Helix two strands twisted around each other, like a winding staircase.
Nucleotides the subunits that make up DNA.
Deoxyribose the five-carbon sugar found in DNA nucleotides.
Created by: doomngloom
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