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psy 307 evol. Ch 3
Evolutionary Psychology ch 3 p. 82-96
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| emergence of strong male coalition | hunting big game, group on group aggression and defense and in-group alliances |
| strong reciprocal altruism, social exchange | variable success of large animal hunting favours sharing, storing surplus meat in friends' bodies |
| sexual division of labour | men's strength, size and throwing prowess suited for hunting to exchange for women's plant foods |
| emergence of tool use | needed for killing and separating flesh |
| show-off hypothesis | women want meat gifts and reward men for show-off strategy |
| successful hunters have | more desirable mate, better offspring survival |
| men hunted | not for provisioning, but for status of wide sharing |
| men's risky endeavors | to provision and get favors from showing off |
| gathering hypothesis | stone tools invented for digging and gathering plants enabling leaving forests |
| gathering hypothesis criticism | fails to tell why men hunt, invest in children, have strong reciprocal alliances, why women share with men, live in areas with few plants, why humans have meat gut |
| specific spacial ability sex difference | explained by hunting and gathering |
| hunting skills | navigation, map reading, mental rotations needed to hurl spears, know Euclidean directions |
| gathering skills | object location memory, knowledge about plants, use more concrete landmarks for directions |
| savanna hypothesis | preference for wide-open vistas with few trees |
| natural environments | preferred to human-made |
| savanna hypothesis stages | selection, information gathering, exploitation |
| selection | explore or leave (devoid of cover, closed forest canopies) |
| information gathering | look for resources and dangers (prefer mystery, resources vs risks) |
| exploitation | good foraging vs predators |
| savanna hypothesis preferences | signals of harvest (green grass, budding trees, bush fruit, flowers) |
| fear | normal response to realistic danger |
| phobias | fears beyond voluntary control and wildly out of proportion to danger |
| ways fear and anxiety afford protection | freezing, fleeing, fighting, submission or appeasement, fright (play dead), faint (signal not threat) |
| faint at sight of blood or weapon | helps warfare noncombatants (women and children) |
| evolved physiological reactions | epinephrine (fear): aids blood clotting, releases glucose, speeds heart, diverts stomach blood |
| common fears | snakes, spiders, heights, imminent attack (panic), agoraphobia, small animals, disease, anxiety (separation), stranger, social, mating |
| specific fears emerge | when danger would have been encountered |
| crawling fears | spiders, falls, (male) strangers |
| more adult women develop fears and phobias of | snakes and spiders, assault, robbery, burglary, rape, car accidents |
| sexual selection created risk-taking strategies in | men |
| evolutionary psychological basis includes | emotional reactions, attending and perception |
| snakes and spiders | popped out of the visual array |
| changes in approaching sounds are perceived as | greater than equivalent changes in receding sounds |
| children's three required cognitive skills | category of predator, inference that predators motivated to eat prey, knowing death is potential outcome of predator interaction |
| descent illusion | 32% greater distance viewing from top that bottom |
| adaptive biases | erring in the direction of making less costly error |
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