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psy 307 evol psy
ch 3 p 71-82
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hostile forces of nature | forces that impede survival: climate, weather, food shortage, toxins, diseases, parasites, predators, hostile conspecifics |
| differential reproduction | bottom line of evolution; engine driving natural selection |
| food sharing functions | fuel courtship, solidifying social bonds |
| folk biology | intuition that living things come in discrete packets that correspond to distinct species having an internal essence |
| internal essence | produces growth, bodily functions, external form and special powers |
| spontaneous division of all species | plants and animals |
| evolved cognitive adaptation | universal folk biology (different members of the same species share hidden causal essences) |
| diet | constrains or allows other adaptations |
| wide range of food | increases poisoning because of plant toxins |
| food selection | calories and specific nutrients |
| failure to provide food | men lose status |
| myths and religious food stories | apple to Adam. Jesus fish |
| food metaphors | hard to swallow, difficult to digest, sweet, juicy, bitter |
| taste preferences | sweet |
| food dislikes | bitter, sour (toxins) |
| food deficiencies | salt, sugar, water consumption |
| neophobia | strong aversion to new foods (sample new foods alone in small doses) |
| disgust | defense against microbial attack; withdrawal from diseased substances across cultures; universal facial expression |
| women more disgusted | by disease carrying objects, perceive risk of disease greater |
| heightened sensitivity to contamination | fewer infections |
| mothers rated feces from own infants | less disgusting |
| cannibalism | under conditions of famine |
| embryo protection hypothesis | pregnancy sickness adaption to prevent consumption and absorption of teratogens (toxins for fetus) |
| pregnancy sickness | for most toxic foods in most toxic periods |
| no pregnancy sickness in first trimester | three times more likely to experience spontaneous abortion |
| most adaptations | expected to be universal |
| cooking hypothesis | predictable energy increase, more digestible, human universal, brain needs extra energy, raw food diets may reduce reproduction, kills microbes |
| homo erectus got larger brains | 1.6-1,9 mya |
| little evidence of fire before | 200,000 ya |
| antimicrobial hypothesis | spices inhibit microorganisms and toxins in our food |
| spice benefits | onion, garlic, allspice, oregano kill food-borne bacteria, more used in hotter climates and meat dishes |
| ethanol plumes | provide cues to ripeness |
| frugivory by-product hypothesis | drinking alcohol caused by fondness for fruit |
| odor and taste of alcohol | predicts the caloric value of food |
| hunting hypothesis | large game hunting gave a major driving force for human evolution, tool making, use, language and brain enlargement |
| primate most meat consumers | humans (20-40%) |
| long evolutionary meat eating history suggested by | human small intestine, low fossil wear on tooth enamel, cannot produce vitamins A and B12, bones with cut marks |
| provisioning hypothesis | ease of meat transport made human male heaviest parental investor |
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james22222222
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