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Biology questions
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? | mRNA: messenger RNA; brings info from nucleus to ribosome and gets translated rRNA: ribosomal RNA; in ribosome tRNA: transfer RNA; transports amino acids to ribosome |
| What is selective breeding? | selecting what you want to breed |
| What is hybridization? | taking 2 dissimilar species and breeding them |
| What is inbreeding? | breeding 2 of the same species |
| Which type of selective breeding is likely to lead to genetic defects? | inbreeding |
| What are the ultimate source of genetic variability | Mutations |
| What happens after "cutting DNA with restriction enzymes | the DNA fragments can be separated by size using gel electrophoresis |
| Why is DNA attracted to the positive end of the gel during electrophoresis? | because it is negatively charges |
| What kind of fragments move farther/faster down the gel during gel electrophoresis? | smaller fragments |
| Why is it useful for researchers to know the DNA sequence of an organism? | So we can manipulate them |
| What is genetic modification | Making changes in an organisms DNA |
| What does RNA stand for | ribosome-nucleic acid |
| What is a histone | a protein that DNA wraps around |
| What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines | A purine is a double ringed nitrogenous base. A pyrimidine is a single ringed nitrogenous base |
| What is Helicase? | an enzyme that unwinds ("unzips") the two strands of DNA |
| What is DNA polymerase? | an enzyme that attaches short stretches of free nucleotides to the original strands and also proofreads the new DNA strand |
| What is DNA Ligase | an enzyme that fills in the "gaps" between the new stretches of nucleotides |
| What sugar does RNA contain? | Ribose |
| What is transcription? | the process that transforms DNA into RNA |
| How many strands of DNA are transcribed | one |
| What is translation | the process in which RNA is transformed into proteins |
| Where does translation occur | rib some/cytoplasm of the cell |
| What is the structure of a phosphate group | deoxyribose 5-carbon sugar nitrogenous base |
| What is recombinant DNA? | DNA from 2 different sources that were combined. |
| How are the genes of clones alike | they are identical copies of the organism it came from |
| What was the first mammal to be cloned? | A sheep names Dolly |
| How did the Moth Lab Simulation explain Natural Selection | by blending into the white trees the white moths survived+the dark moths died because they were easier to identify. then during the industrial revolution, the trees turned dark from the ash from factories+ the dark moths survivde+white moths died |
| What is natural selection? | -those who have the ability to survive and reproduce will survive and reproduce simple: survival of the fittest |
| Why do we need to name and classify organisms? | to group the in logical ways+so we know what we are looking at -common names are confusing+change from place to place |
| Do we use small or large categories to group and classify organisms? | both. we use large-like domain and kingdom-and from those large groups, develop into smaller groups like species |
| What does binomial nomenclature involve? | giving organisms a 2 part name |
| What does the 2 part name consist of (binomial nomenclature)? | genus and species |
| What word is capitalized in a 2 part name (binomial nomenclature)? | the genus |
| What does Kings Play Cards On Fancy Golden Stools | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| What is the most general and largest category of LINNEAS' 7 taxonomic categories | Kingdom |
| What are the 6 Kingdoms of Life we use today | Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
| What former Kingdom did the new Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria belong to? | monera |
| What do organisms in King Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae have in common | eukaryotes |
| Which 2 Kingdoms contain only single-celled organisms? | Eubacteria and Archaebacteria |
| What is the category above Kingdoms, like a "super kingdom" | Domain |
| What are the three domains | Eukarya Archaea Bacteria |
| What kingdoms are in domain Eukarya | Plantae, Protista, fungi, and animalia |
| What kingdoms are in the domain Archaea | Archaebacteria |
| What kingdoms are in the domain Bacteria | Eubacteria |
| What are the 2 bacterial Kingdoms | Archaebacteria and Eubacteria |
| What are the 2 bacterial Domains | Bacteria and Archaea |
| What is the main difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria | cell walls |
| What kinds of bacteria does the Kingdom archaebacteria contain | extreme bacteria such as methanogens and halophiles |
| What are the three shapes of bacteria | cocci bacilli and spirilla |
| what shape is cocci | spherical |
| what shape is bacilli | rod shaped |
| what shape is spirilla | spiral/corkscrew |
| What does the gram stain differentiate | types of cell walls and the amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall |
| What color does gram positive bacteria appear | purple |
| What color does gram negative bacteria appear | pink |
| What are the roles of bacteria in the environment? | waste and oil cleanup synthesize dugs/chemicals produce heat-stable enzymes that can be used in medicine, food production, and industrial chemistry |
| What are viruses made of | protein coats and a DNA/RNA core |
| what are pathogens? | bacteria (or other microorganisms) that cause disease |
| What are some ways to preserve food and slow the growth of bacteria | low temperatures, sterilization, boiling, freezing, or steaming |
| What are the shapes of viruses | polyhedral bacilli bacteriophage |
| What are protists | eukaryotes that aren't plant, animals, or fungi |
| What is the protist dilemma | they have a vast diversity between them that it is hard to put them into a kingdom, since they can be so different. some are more closely to plantae or Animalia than other protists |
| What are the 3 types of movement | pseudopods cillia+flagella passive |
| What is Pseudopod movement | cytoplasm streams into pseudopod, cell follows, powered by a protein called Actin (used in the contraction of. animal muscles) |
| What is cilia movement | move by short and numerous cilia like oars on a boat |
| what is flagella movement | move by a flagella, a whip-like structure. moves like a tail |
| what is passive movement | non motile; depend on air or water currents; use reproductive cells called spores, which can enter cells of other organisms and live as parasites |
| What are the 2 types of reproduction in protists | sexual: alternation of generations asexual/mitosis |
| What diseases are caused by bacteria | tooth decay Lyme disease tetanus tuberculosis salmonela pneumonia cholera |
| What diseases are caused by viruses | cancer respiratory infections AIDS/HIV chicken pox small pox |
| what are fungi? | heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls made of chitin |
| how do fungi "eat"? | by absorbing nutrients from decaying matter in soil digest food outside of body produce enzymes that digest food outside of body decomposers |
| what is hyphae | cells that form long, slender, branching filaments, most contain walls called septa, which create compartment and may contain one or two nuclei |
| what is mycelium | the fruiting body stems from it underneath the ground |
| are fungi haploid or diploid | haploid |
| what human diseases are caused by fungi | athlete's foot and ringworm |
| What are the requirements to be n animal | heterotrophic eukaryotic multicellular diploid no cell walls |
| what do carnivores eat | other animals |
| what do herbivores eat | plants or parts of plats |
| what do filter feeders eat | food particles from the water that they filtered or "caught" |
| what do detritivores eat | detritus, which is decaying bits of plant and animal material |
| How do you know if an animal has radial symmetry | they have circular body plans |
| how do you know if an animal has bilateral symmetry | they have a distinct top and bottom |
| What percentage of animals are invertebrates | 95% |
| What is a blastula | a hollow of cells |
| what is a protostome | an animal whose mouth is formed from the blatopore |
| what is a dueterostome | an animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore |
| what is a coelem | true body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm |
| what is a psuedocoelem | partially lined with mesoderm |
| what is an acoelem | no body cavity |
| What are the four characteristics all chordates have | dorsal hollow nerve chord notochord pharyngeal pouches post anal tail |
| what does the notochord form into at some point in a chordates life | vertebral column |
| what does the dorsal hollow nerve chord form into at some point in a chordates life | nerve chord and spinal chord |
| what does the pharyngeal pouches form into at some point in a chordates life | human: pharynx aquatic animals: gills |
| what does the post anal tail form into at some point in a chordates life | tail or it just shrinks away |
| what is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship | a symbiotic relationship in which both symbionts benefit ex. coral and algae |
| what is a parasitic symbiotic relationship | a symbiotic relationship in which the parasite feeds off the tissue or body fluids (blood) of the host can cause serious diseases |
| What are the teeth of carnivores like | typically sharp mouthparts for slicing and dicing |
| what are the teeth of herbivores like | typically flat mouthparts for grinding and rasping |
| what is diffusion | the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| what are the requirements for respiration | a thin moist semi-permeable membrane and an oxygen gradient |
| What are the three respiratory structures | breathe through skin lungs gills |
| what animals use their skin to breathe | earthworms and generally smaller aquatic animals |
| what animals use gills to breathe | fish, amphibians, other aquatic animals |
| what animals use lungs to breathe | land animals, mammals |
| What is an open circulatory system | blood stays in blood vessels most of the time and then go and get direct contact with tissues and organs |
| what is a closed circulatory system | blood stays in blood vessels always human have closed circulatory systems |
Created by:
leahjbutler
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