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Cellular
Adv Patho ETSU 5016 NP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which cells have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles | Eukaryotic Cells |
| Which cells are unicelluar without nucleus or organelles? | Prokaryotic Cells |
| Which cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA) | All cells |
| Which cells have mitochondria? | plant and animal cells |
| What dictates what the cell will do and how it will do it? | DNA |
| What is chromatin | Tangled form of DNA inside nuclear membrane |
| When DNA is ready to divide, what do the chromatin form into? | Chromosomes |
| Where are ribosomes created? | Nucleolus |
| What do ribosomes synthesize? | proteins |
| What is the structure that ribosomes attach to to form proteins? | Rough endoplasmic reticulum rER |
| What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum sER | w/o ribosomes |
| What is the function of the ER? | To release proteins in vesicles to the Golgi bodies |
| What is the fx of the Golgi body | It reforms proteins so the body can use them and adds things like lipids/carbs |
| What are lysosomes fx? | Take in damaged parts of cells and break down using enzymes |
| What is fx of mitochondria | Cellular respiration and make ATP |
| How does cell maintain shape? | The cytoskeleton is maintained via microfilaments and microtubules |
| What is the only animal cell with a flagellum? | sperm cell |
| As RBCs mature, what do they lose? | lysosomes |
| As RBCs mature what do they produce? | hemoglobin |
| As RBCs mature, they have small __________ bodies and enlarged___________? | Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, lose mitochondria |
| How much ATP is produced in aerobic respiration? | 36 ATP |
| How much ATP produced in glycolysis? Anaerobic Energy Metabolism? | 2 ATP |
| How much ATP in Krebs Cycle? Aerobic Energy Metabolism | 2 ATP |
| How much ATP produced in Electron Transport Chain? | 32 ATP |
| What is the chemical reaction formula in aerobic respiration? | C6h12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6 H2O |
| What occurs in glycolysis? | |
| What occurs in the Krebs cycle? | |
| Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? | Anaerobic |
| What is passive diffusion? | Molecules move randomly away from the area where they are most concentrated |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Mol diffuse across a membrane by passing through a protein |
| What is Osmosis? | Diffusion of water mol |
| What do receptor proteins do? | Enable cell communication by attaching to cell surface and open ion channel. Cause 2nd cell released in cell, turn on enzymes and stimulate transcription of genes in nucleus. |
| Is resting membrane potential negative or positive? | Negative (inside cell) |
| What changes cell to be more positive? | NA+ ions to diffuse in cell, depolarization. Threshold potential = more NA+ channels open |
| What is an action potential? | cell responds, i.e. contracting |
| When does the cell repolarize? | K+ channels open, diffuse out, making cell negative |
| What is Na+/K+ ATPase do? | removes Na+ from cell and pumps K+ back in |
| Be able to know atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia | |
| What four things stress damaged cells? | 1. Direct damage to proteins, membranes, DNA 2. ATP depletion 3. Free radical formation 4. Incr intracellular calcium |
| What does hypoxia cause? | ATP depletion/power failure where aerobic met stops, NA/K pump slows down, cells swell w water, anaerobic met use - lactic acid produced, acid damage cell membrane, structures, DNA |
| What is a free radical? | Unpaired electron in outer electron shell, unstable, reactive, removed by antioxidants, oxidative stress |
| What is the difference b/n oxidation & reduction? | Oxidation: losing an electron Reduction: Gaining an electron |
| What are three mechanisms of cell injury? | 1. reversible inj, cell recovery/return to normal fx 2. Apoptosis/programmed cell removal, normal process 3. Cell death/necrosis, cells swell/rupture, inflammation results |
| What is Caspases? | Enzyme turned on inside cell, digest own cell proteins/DNA, then destroyed by WBC |
| Apoptosis can be caused by? | 1. Signal attached to cell surface receptors 2. mitochondrial damage inside cell 3. Protein p53 activated by DNA damage |
| Liquefaction, coagulation, infarction, caseous necrosis all are part of? | cell death and degradation, where cell contents released and inflammation occurs |
| What is dry gangrene? | lack of arterial supply, but venous flow can carry fluid out of tissue, tissue coagulates |
| What is wet gangrene? | lack of venous flow lets fluid accumulate in tissue, which liquefies and infection is likely |
| What is gas gangrene? | Clostridium infection, toxins/H2S bubbles. Only type to cause crepitus. |
| How do cells change with aging? | Telomeres become too short, cell can no longer divide |
| Is aging caused by accumulated damage? | Have more DNA damage, more free radicals, can lose ability to repair their telomeres |
Created by:
palmerag
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