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Hypo/Epi/Subthalamus
Med 1
Nuclizzal | Function and Lesion |
---|---|
Lateral Hypothalamic | feeding center; lesion—> starvation. stimulated by ghrelin, inhibited by leptin |
Ventromedial | satiety center; lesion—> hyperphagia, obesity, savage behavior. stimulated by leptin |
Suprachiasmatic | receives direct retinal input, regulates circadian rhythms, secretes norepinephrine to pineal gland |
Supraoptic and Paraventricular | synthesizes ADH (regulates water balance) and oxytocin (suckling at breast); lesion—> diabetes insipidus (characterized by polydipsia and polyuria) |
Mamillary body | input from hippocampus via fornix (Hippo receives cingulate gyrus via entorhinal cortex); damaged in Wernicke encephalopathy [Papez circuit] |
Arcuate | has neurons that produce dopamine |
Anterior Region | temp regulation (hot one, responds to heat), stimulates parasympathetic NS to cool the body down; lesion —>hyperthermia |
Posterior Region | temp regulation (cold one, responds to cold), stimulates sympathetic NS to heat body up; lesion —> poikilothermia (inability to thermoregulate) |
Preoptic Area | regulates release of gonotrophic hormones; contains sexually dimorphic nucleus; lesion b4 puberty —> arrested sexual development; lesion after puberty—>amenorrhea or impotence |
Dorsomedial | stimulation —> savage behavior |
Epithalamus | pineal body and habenular nuclei, PB secretes melatonin with a circadian rhythm |
Subthalamus | nucleus involved in BG; lesion —> hemiballismus (contralateral flinging movements of one or both extremities) |