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Bacteriology 1
Duke PA micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is the father of microbiology? | vanLeeuwenhoek |
| bacilli | rod shape |
| cocci | spherical shape |
| spirochete | spiral shape |
| pairs | diplococci |
| chains | streptococci |
| clusters | staphylococci |
| who is the gram stain named after? | Hans Christian Gram |
| Who added the counterstain to the gram stain? | Carl Weigert |
| What color are gram positive bacteria? | purple |
| What color are gram negative bacteria? | red |
| Why do gram positive bacteria stain purple? | retain crystal violet |
| What is the structure of gram positive bacteria? | thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acid |
| Why do gram negative bacteria stain red? | take up counterstain |
| What is the structure of gram negative bacteria? | thin peptidoglycan layer, complex outer membran of lipopolysaccharide |
| What is the first step in gram stain? | crystal violet |
| What is the second step in gram stain? | gram's iodine |
| What is the third step in gram stain? | decolorizer |
| What is the fourth step in gram stain? | safranin red |
| What is a potent stimulator of the immune response found in gram negative bacteria? | lipopolysaccharide - LPS |
| What is another name for the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria? | endotoxin |
| What cell wall structure differentiates gram negative from gram positive bacteria? | gram negative has LPS |
| What do you need to do if you suspect an anaerobic infection? | call the lab and get instructions on specimen collection |
| What are bacterial structures and "accessories" important for? | identification and virulence |
| Are bacterial structures and accessories required for growth in vivo or in vitro? | No - but usually enhance pathogenicity |
| What are examples of bacterial structures and "accessories"? | plasmids, spores & capsules, flagella, pili & fimbrae, exotoxins & endotoxins |
| What type of DNA do plasmids have? | intracellular extrachomosomal DNA - double stranded |
| Can plasmids be transmissible? | yes - large (few per cell) AND no - small (many per cell) |
| What do plasmids carry genes for? | many fucntions - antibiotic resistance most important one |
| Which type of bacteria are plasmids more common in? | Gram negative, but can be found in both |
| Spores | dormant structure, forms inside cell |
| What do spores protect cell against? | adverse environment |
| Do spores have metabolic activity? | No - allow dormancy for many years |
| What are spores resistant to? | heat, radiation, and various chemical agents |
| What are the 2 genera of spores? | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| Capsule | jelly-like outer layer |
| What are very loosely adherent layers irregular in density, found in capsules, called? | slime layers |
| What are capsules composed of? | polysaccharides or protein |
| What are the 4 important functions of capsules? | promote in vivo survival, lab ID, antigens used to make vaccines, facilitate adherence to human cells |
| Are flagella single or multiple? | can be either |
| What bacterial structure is necessary for chemotaxis? | flagella |
| What are species specific in flagella? | chemical composition and arrangement |
| What shapes of flagella normally have flagella? | mostly limited to bacilli; most cocci are non-motile |
| How are flagella medically important? | in establishing infection & lab ID |
| Pili/Fimbriae | hair-like filaments that project from cell |
| Are pili/fimbriae found in gram negative or positive? | mostly limited to Gram negative bacteria |
| Where are pili/fimbriae especially common? | among pathogens of mucosal surfaces; avirulent strains have none |
| What are the 2 major roles of pili/fimbriae? | mediate attachment to human cells, reprodution (conjugation) |
| What are the three major sites in the bacterial cell that can serve as sites of action of clinically effective agents? | cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome |
| What are the types of bacteria that can't be classified by Gram stain? | mycobacteria and mycoplasma |
Created by:
ges13
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