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Parkinson's Disease
Medical-Surgical Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Parkinson's disease? | A chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by slowness in the initiation and execution of movement, increased muscle tone, tremor at rest, and gait disturbance. |
| True or False: The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is known. | False; the cause is unknown. |
| What medications are related to drug-induced parkinsonism? | Reglan, reserpine, methyldopa, lithium, Haldol, and chlorpromazine, and illicit drugs. |
| In drug-induced parkinsonism, do symptoms generally disappear after stopping the drug therapy? | Yes |
| What are other causes that have been linked with parkinsonism? | |
| What neurotransmitter is lacking in the brain of a Parkinson's patient? | Dopamine |
| What part of the brain is most affected by Parkinson's disease? | Substantia nigra |
| True or False: Lewy bodies are found in the brains of Parkinson's patients. | True |
| What are Lewy bodies? | Unusual clumps of protein |
| What is the most common gene linked to PD? | LRRK2 gene |
| Describe the onset of PD. | Gradual and insidious, with an ongoing progression |
| What are the clinical manifestations of PD? | TRAP (tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability) |
| True or False: In PD, only one side of the body may be affected initially. | True |
| What is the speech abnormality associated with PD? | Hypokinetic dysarthria |
| What is often the first sign of PD? | Tremor |
| When is parkinsonism tremor more prominent: At rest or during movement? | At rest |
| How is the hand tremor of PD described? | "Pill rolling" |
| What can aggravate the tremor associated with PD? | Emotional stress and increased concentration |
| What is rigidity? | The increased resistance to passive motion when the limbs are moved through their ROM |
| Describe the rigidity associated with PD. | Jerky quality; "cogwheel rigidity" |
| What is akinesia? | The absence of or loss of control of voluntary muscle movements |
| How can you assess postural instability with PD? | The pull test |
| What are nonmotor S/S of PD? | Depression, anxiety, apathy, fatigue, pain, urinary retention, constipation, erectile dysfunction, memory changes, and sleep problems (e.g., difficulty staying asleep, restless sleep, nightmares, or sudden drowsiness) |
| What are progressive complications of PD? | Dysphagia, increased motor and neurologic symptoms, and orthostatic hypotension |
| How is PD diagnosed? | There is no specific test, so diagnosis is based on patient history and clinical features |
| What is necessary to clinically diagnose PD? | The presence of TRAP and asymmetric onset |
| What is nursing care directed toward in PD? | Maintenance of good health, encouragement of independence, and avoidance of complications (i.e., contractures and falls) |
Created by:
shrewsburysd
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