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Science8 Hydrosphere
This covers the NC Science 8 standards for 8.E.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the “Hydrosphere”? | all the water on the planet |
| What is the most dominant physical feature of our planet? | the ocean |
| What process circulates water on Earth? | water cycle |
| Name the processes involved in the water cycle. | evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration |
| What do you call a liquid that dissolves other materials? | solvent |
| What percentage of Earth’s surface is covered by water? | about 75% |
| Where do we find “Freshwater” on Earth’s surface? ( | rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, etc. |
| What percentage of Earth’s total water is considered to be Freshwater? | 3% |
| Of that Freshwater, what percentage of that water is accessible for daily use? | 1% |
| What prevents the other 2% from being used? | trapped in glaciers and polar ice caps |
| Surface water moves into river basins from where? | watersheds |
| What is a watershed? | area of land that water drains into when the ground is saturated or impermeable |
| Name two examples of impermeable ground. | parking lots, building areas, sidewalks, driveways, etc. |
| What does it mean to be “saturated”? | full of water |
| All water eventually flows to where? | the ocean |
| What is a river basin? | all the area that drains into a particular river |
| How many river basins are there in NC? (Not really relevant but it was in the standards my teacher gave us) | 17 |
| What determines the rate of underground flow of groundwater? | what it has to pass through:rocks, soils, sands, clay, etc |
| Why is groundwater one of Earth’s most valuable resources? | finite amount, clean drinking water |
| What is an aquifer? | natural storage area underground for water, accessible by wells |
| All major lakes, watersheds, and waterways drain to where? | ocean |
| What is carried to the ocean in rivers and streams? | nutrients, salts, sediments, and pollutants from watersheds |
| There is only ONE ocean. How many Ocean Basins are there? | 6 |
| Name the 6 ocean basins of our planet | according the NCDPI- North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian, Arctic |
| How is the ocean connected to the Water Cycle? | evaporation and precipitation connect all the Earth’s reservoirs to the ocean |
| What are some of the factors that set the different ocean zones apart? | variations in temperature, pressure, and penetration of light. |
| What is geochemistry? | The scientific study of the chemical composition of the Earth or other celestial body and of the reactions that control the distribution of chemical elements in its minerals, rocks, soil, waters, and atmosphere |
| Which geochemical cycles involve the ocean? | Hydrologic Cycle (water Cycle), Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, etc |
| Where in the ocean is productivity the greatest | at the surface layers where sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis occurs |
| How do marine life get nutrients, minerals, and gases? | currents and recycling processes |
| What is upwelling? | type of ocean current in which cold, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface from the depths. Often brings fish and is the place where the fishing industry often works their nets |
| What is the base of the food web in the open ocean? | Microscopic algae. |
| What does terrestrial mean? | of land |
| What does aquatic mean? | of water |
| How are terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems linked? | birds snatch fish from the water, alligators grab prey at the shoreline, etc |
| What is the composition of the water in an estuary? | mix of salt and fresh |
| Name 3 benefits of estuaries | important habitat for marine species, buffer zones for pollutants, filter out chemicals from runoff, breeding grounds for marine life, nurseries for marine life |
| Where does the salt in seawater come from? | eroding land, volcanic emissions, reactions at the seafloor, and atmospheric deposition |
| Name the 3 different marine ecosystems. ( | shore, open ocean, deep ocean |
| Which ecosystem doesn’t depend on sunlight for its producers to make food? | deep ocean |
| What process takes place instead of photosynthesis in these producers? | chemosynthesis |
| Where do these producers get the chemicals they need to survive? | hydrothermal vents, submarine hot springs, methane cold seeps |
| What is a hydrothermal vent? | A fissure on the floor of a sea out of which flows water that has been heated by underlying magma. |
| Name 3 benefits of deep ocean exploration and technology | provide info on new life forms, earth resources, and geologic processes |
| What are 3 causes of vertical zonation patterns along the shore that influence distribution, diversity, and availability of organisms? | tides, waves, and predation |
| What are 4 important resources provided to humankind by the ocean? | foods, medicines, minerals, and energy sources |
| Why is it important to conserve and protect our oceanic resources? | finite ocean, most rain comes from ocean, over 50% of earth’s oxygen |
| Who are the most important primary producers in the ocean? | microbes |
| Why are microbes such an important resource? | most abundant life form in ocean, extremely fast growth rate and life cycle, primary producers feeding many consumers and fueling the food web |
| What determines the health of a water system? | a balance in the physical, chemical, and biological variables |
| What are the physical variables in a water system? | temperature, turbidity, and water movement |
| What are the chemical variables in a water system? | dissolved oxygen and other gases, pH, nitrates, and salinity |
| What are the biological variables in a water system | Bio-indicators and any other BIOTIC (living) factors in the water |
| What environmental factors define an ocean habitat? | (salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH, light, nutrients, substrate, and circulation(currents). |
| What is substrate? | the base on which an organism lives ,the soil is the substrate of most seed plants |
| What are bio-indicators? | organisms that are sensitive to their environment and can only tolerate/survive in certain conditions. |
| What are some conditions that Bio-indicators can detect? | water flow, pollution, vegetation |
| Is clear water clean water? | no. It may contain odorless, colorless, and tasteless harmful contaminants |
| What are some hazards that water should be tested for to determine safety of the water? | bacteria, nitrates, arsenic, pollutants, etc |
| n what year were the first drinking water standards set in the USA? | 1914 |
| In 1914, what was tested and why | Wells were tested for Coliform BACTERIA |
| In what year did drinking water standards begin to apply to municipal drinking water? | 1940 |
| What does EPA stand for? | Environmental Protection Agency |
| In which year was the EPA formed? | 1970 |
| In which year was the Clean Water Act passed? | 1972 |
| What water sources were affected by the Clean Water Act of 1972? | surface water |
| What 3 provisions were made by the CWA of 1972? | industrial discharge standards set, permits required for dumping, federal aid to build sewage treatment plants. |
| What law was enacted in 1974 to improve water quality? | The Safe Drinking Act of 1974 |
| What improvements did the Safe Drinking Water Act make to water quality? | Improved drinking water standards by protecting groundwater from contaminants |
| What is the major difference between the laws set in the 1940’s and the laws set in the 1970’s? | focus was on waterborne illnesses caused by disease-causing bacteria and microbes, focus shifted to industrial waste and pollutants |
| What are some water treatment methods? | aeration, flocculation, active carbon absorption, reverse osmosis |
| How can groundwater be contaminated? | spilling/dumping chemicals. Hazardous wastes, oil all percolated into the soil by runoff |
| What is point-source pollution? | pollution that you can literally point to its source ie, pipe drain |
| What is non-point source pollution? | pollution where you can’t determine a single source for the pollution ie runoff causing nitrates to build up in a pond could come from several sources |
| What is environmental degradation? | the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil. It is the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. |
| What impact will environmental degradation have on our ecosystems? | will likely decrease the diversity of a community by eliminating intolerant organisms and increasing the number of tolerant organisms |
| Where does most of the world’s population live? | near coasts |
| How has evolving technology impacted the way we view water? | Technological advances have enabled us to collect data about water systems that have led to improvements in developing standards, monitoring water-quality, and providing treatment. |
Created by:
Alia Cherrywood
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