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chapter 5 bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the function of cholesterol in membranes? | plasma- for membrane synthesis & synthesis of other steroids, travels in blood |
| hypertonic | when cells shrink, the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside of it |
| hypotonic | when cells swell, the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it |
| isotonic | when cell doesn't change size, in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside of the cell. |
| what is membrane potential? | -the voltage across a membrane, acts like a battery an energy source that affects the traffic of all charged substances across the membrane (-50 to -200 mV) *Gradient of electrical potential energy across a cell membrane. |
| what do sodium potassium pumps do? | - is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy. *exchanges NA+ for K+ (ions) across the plasma membrane of animal cells |
| what is the electrochemical gradient? | - chemical force (the ions' concentration gradient) & an electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ions’ movement) acting on an ion *combo of forces acting on an ion |
| cotransport | -a single ATP powered pump that transports specific solute can indirectly drive active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism *2 substances are transported across a membrane by a protein/complex & don't have ATPase activity *increase pH H+ion |
| what is the electrogenic pump? | -a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane |
| endocytosis & exocytosis | endo-cell takes in molecules & particulate matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane exo-cell secreting certain biological molecules by fusion of vesicles w/ plasma membrane |
| what protein kinases does? | -enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein |
| specifics of phosphorylation cascades | - sequence of events where an enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. |
| which substances can most easily diffuse across the plasma membrane & which can't? | -Water, oxygen(small&nonpolar),CO2(small) -proteins&sugars can't (charged ions & large molecules) |
| what is a transmembrane protein? Are peripheral proteins also considered transmembrane proteins, why? what about integral proteins? | -an integral protein(penetrates the hydrophobic interior of lipid bilayer) in membrane -no, because they are not embedded in bilayer |
| what are 2 benefits of having multiple steps in a cell signaling transduction pathway? | -amplifies signal -more opportunities for coordination & regulation |
| ligands | -a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one |
| protein phosphatase | -enzymes that rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process called dephsphorylation |
| second messangers | -many signaling pathways also involve small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions |
Created by:
za18
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