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H. Bio - Chap. 16/17

by Kelsey Q. W. for Honors Biology test

QuestionAnswer
Avery, Mcleod & McCarthy Discovered transforming agent was DNA
Hershey & Chase nucleic acids are hereditary material (not proteins)
Chargaff DNA composition varies from one species to another
Watson, Crick, Franklin & Wilkins developed double helical model of DNA
Describe the structure of DNA A twisted ladder (double helix) of nucleotides with a sugar phosphate backbone. The rungs are nitrogenous bases which use complementary base pairing to form hydrogen bonds
Describe how DNA is replicated The parent molecule "unzips" and each strand acts as a template for a new half molecule to form
what is the model of how DNA is replicated semiconservative model
How is DNA copied exactly? When the DNA molecule splits, free nucleotides complementary base pair to the template strand, forming new strands.
How do the nucleus's enzymes correct errors? polymerase scans for and corrects base pairing errors
What is the function of telomeres? To protect the organism's genes from being eroded through successive rounds of DNA replication
what is the function of telomerase? enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres
We use metabolic defects to find protein function; that is, we learn about what genes produce what proteins when we find an individual with a defect in production of the protein. Explain with examples. Symptoms of an inherited disease reflect a person’s inability to make a particular enzyme. "inborn errors of metabolism" Ex: alkaptonuria, makes urine black, lacks enzyme that breaks down the black-making enzyme
How has the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis been modified? It went from "a gene dictates the production of a specific enzyme" to the one gene-one polypeptide sequence: "many proteins are constructed from two or more different polypeptide chains". Ex: hemoglobin built from 2 polypep chains--has 2 gene codes.
Transcription is DNA-directed synthesis of RNA. (DNA strand provides template for assembling a sequence of RNA nucleotides, a transcript of gene's protein building instructions (mRNA)
Translation is RNA directed synthesis of a polypeptide. Cell must translate base sequence of mRNA molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
mRNA processing, 3 steps: 1. removal of introns 2. add cap (tells mRNA where to go) 3. add poly (A) (goes to cytoplasm through pores in nuclear envelope)
Point mutations are Chemical changes in one base pair of a gene
Insertion is... addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene
Deletion is... loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene
mRNA's function: determines function of amino acid
tRNA's function: carries amino acids to site of translation
rRNA's function: when added to a protein, produces ribosomes
Classes of mutagen: Radiation: causes point mutation Viruses: changes genetic message Base analogue: distorts double helix other: changes pairing properties
Created by: villanova
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