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A+P test 1
Anatomy and physiology test one at CCM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internally while externally the world changes |
| Cell | Basic Structure and unit of life |
| Plasma Membrane | Separates intracellular fluid from extra cellular fluid, made of a double layer of lipids and phosphates, Gives Cell ability to live in water environment with out being influenced by it |
| Function of Membrane Protein | Transport, Enzymatic (accelerate) Activities |
| Passive Membrane Transport | Movement of things from one side of the cell membrane to the other without the use of energy |
| Simple Diffusion (Type) | Type: Passive Membrane Transport |
| Facilitated Diffusion (Type) | Type: Passive Membrane Transport |
| Carriers | An integral part of membrane protein that are specifically for polar molecules |
| Osmosis (Type) | Type: Passive Membrane Transport |
| Diffusion (Type) | Type: Passive Membrane Transport |
| Filtration (Type) | Type: Passive Membrane Transport |
| Isotonic | Solution with same solute concentration as that of cytosol (fluid with in the cell) |
| Hypertonic | Solution with greater solute concentration then that of cytosol |
| Hypotonic | Solution with lesser solute concentration that that of cytosol |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Active Membrane Transport | Uses ATP to move solutes across membrane, Requires carrier protein |
| Vesicular Transport (Type) | Type: Active Membrane Transport |
| Exocytosis (Type) | Type: Active Membrane Transport |
| Endocytosis (Type) | Type: Active Membrane Transport |
| Transcytosis (Type) | Type: Active Membrane Transport |
| Phagocytosis (Type) | Type: Active Membrane Transport |
| Membrane Potential | Electrical charge of molecule given by the concentration of ions |
| Cytoplasm | Material between plasma membrane and nucleus made up of cytosol and cytoplasmic organelles |
| Cytosol | Fluid made up of largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars and other solute |
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | Specialized cellular components |
| Mitochondria (Description) | Description: Double Membrane, Contains its own DNA and RNA (maternally inherited) |
| Ribosome (Description) | Description: Granules that contain protein and rRNA |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Description) | Description: Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes, external surface has attached ribosome |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Description) | Description: Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes |
| Golgi Apparatus (Description) | Description: Stacked and flattened membranous sacs |
| Lysosomes (Description) | Description: Bags that contain digestive enzymes |
| Peroxisomes (Description) | Description: Bags that contain oxidizing and catalyzing enzymes |
| Cytoskeleton (Description) | Description: outer skeleton of cell |
| Microtubules (Description) | Description: Located within cytoskeleton, made of protein |
| Microfilaments (Description) | Description: Located within cytoskeleton |
| Centrioles (Description) | Description: barrel shaped organelles made of microtubules |
| Cilia (Description) | Description: whip like cellular extension made of microtubules found in trachea and fallopian tubes |
| Nucleus (Description) | Description: Typically circular in shape, surrounded by nuclear envelope and chromatin |
| Nuclear Envelope (Description) | Description: Double layer membrane that forms outer structure of nucleus |
| Chromatin (Description) | Description: Fluid like material between nuclear envelope and nucleolus |
| Organic Molecules | Contain carbon |
| Proteins (Description) | Description: Amino acid chains as determined by DNA |
| Nucleic Acid (Description) | Description: made up of phosphate group, sugar and base |
| DNA (Description) | Description: Double Helix Design, is a type of nucleic acid |
| DNA Base Pairs | Thiamine pairs with Adenine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine |
| DNA Replication | Occurs just before the cell divides, exact copy of the DNA is produced |
| Protein Synthesis | Process, which occurs in ribosome’s, by which cell produces protein |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
| RNA Base Pairs | Guanine and Cytosine, Adenine and Uracil |
| rRNA (Defined) | Defined: Ribisomal RNA |
| mRNA (Defined) | Defined: Messenger RNA |
| tRNA (Defined) | Defined: Transfer RNA |
| Transcription | Occurs when mRNA molecule is made from a portion of DNA using appropriate base pairs |
| Translation | Occurs when sequence of bases of mRNA directs sequence of amino acids to produce a specific protein |
| Triplet Code | Three bases that create one specific amino acid |
| Codone | Three base unit of mRNA created from DNA |
| Anticodone | Three base unit of tRNA created from mRNA, identical to DNA except when U replaced T |
| Mitosis | Process of cell division involving prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, interphase and cytokenesis |
| Prophase | 1st Phase of Mitosis, Chromatin separates and are delivered to cellular poles creating chromosomes |
| Metaphase | 2nd Phase of Mitosis, Chromosomes align at equator of cell |
| Anaphase | 3rd Phase of Mitosis Chromosomes split and move towards daughter cells |
| Telephase | 4th Phase of Mitosis, Information for new nuclear membrane is formed |
| Interphase | Normal cell function occurs, cell rest from reproduction |
| Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm splits |
| Epidermis (Region) | Region: Outermost superficial |
| Dermis (Region) | Region: Middle |
| Hypodermis (superficial fascia) (Region) | Region: Deepest |
| Keratinoctyes (Location) | Cell of epidermis |
| Melanocytes (Location) | Cell of epidermis |
| Langerhans’s Cells (Location) | Cell of epidermis |
| Merkel Cells (Location) | Cell of epidermis |
| Stratum Basale (Description/Location) | Single row of keratinocytes |
| Stratum Spinosum (Description/Location) | Contains system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes, located between basale and granulosum |
| Stratum Granulosum (Description/Location) | Thin, three to five cell layers, in which drastic changes in keratinocytes appearance occur, Between corneum or lucidum where applicable and spinosum layers |
| Stratum Lucidum (Description/Location) | Thin transparent band superficial to stratum granulosum, Contains few rows of dead keratinocytes |
| Stratum Corneum (Description/Location) | Outermost layer of keratinized cells, ¾ of epidermal thickness |
| Dermis | Second layer of skin containing connective tissue, has two layers papillary and reticular |
| Papillary Layer | Contains areolar connective tissue with collagen (for stretch) and elastic (for strength) fibers, Superior surface contains some nerve endings |
| Reticular Layer | 80% of dermal thickness, Collagen fibers for strength, Elastin fibers add stretch-recoil properties |
| Hypodermis | Deepest region of skin, Composed of mostly adipose tissue, which can move to where energy is needed and some areolar connective tissue |
| Melanin | Yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment responsible for dark skin colors |
| Carotene | Yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in palms and soles of feet |
| Hemoglobin | Reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin |
| Eccrine sweat glands | Found in palms, soles of feet and forehead |
| Apocrine sweat glands | Found in axillary and anogenital areas (armpits and groin) |
| Ceruminous glands | Modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (earwax) |
| Mammary glands | Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk |
| Sebaceous Glands | Simple alveolar glasnds found all over body (except where sweat glands exsist) |
| Hair Function | Helping maintain warmth, alerting body to presence of bugs, guarding scalp against physical truama, heat loss and sunlight |
| Arrector pili | Muscle, when hair gets stimulated muscle contracts, making hair ‘stand on end’ |
| Function of Integumentary System | Protection, body tempature regulation, cutaenous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion |
| Parts of the Integumentary System | Skin, glands of skin, hair, nails |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Least malignant and most common skin cancer, Non Invasive, slow growing and rare to metastasize |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, grows rapidly if not removed, good prognosis if caught in time |
| Melanoma | Highly metastatic, resistant to chemotherapy therefore is the most dangerous type of skin cancer |
| First Degree Burn | Only epidermis is damaged |
| Second Degree Burn | Epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged |
| Third Degree Burn | Entire thickness of skin is damaged |
| Gland | One or more cells that make and secrets aqueous fluids |
| Endocrine gland | Secretes product in blood |
| Exocrine gland | Secretes product on top of skin |
| Simple Diffusion (Defined) | Defined: Diffused directly through membrane without the use of energy depending on gradient |
| Facilitated Diffusion (Defined) | Defined: Transportation of glucose, amino acids and ions through the use of either protein channels or binding to carrier proteins |
| Osmosis (Defined) | Defined: Movement of water from low to high concentration |
| Diffusion (Defined) | Defined: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Filtration (Defined) | Defined: Passage of water and solute through membrane by hypostatic pressure |
| ATP (Job) | Provides energy to cell |
| Vesicular Transport (Defined) | Defined: movement of large molecules (marcromolecules) across membrane |
| Exocytosis (Defined) | Defined: Moving items from cells interior to exterior |
| Endocytosis (Defined) | Defined: Moving items from cells exterior to interior |
| Transcytosis (Defined) | Defined: Moving items into, across and then out of cell |
| Phagocytosis (Defined) | Defined: Pseudopods (false feet) surrounds solids and brings them into cell interior |
| Mitochondria (Job) | Job: Provides most of cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration |
| Ribosome (Job) | Job: Site of protein synthesis |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Job) | Job: Deals with protein synthesis |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Job) | Job: Catalyzes reactions, Deals with delivery of substances (hormones, fats, carbohydrates) |
| Golgi Apparatus (Job) | Job: functions in modifying, concentration and packaging proteins (shipping and handling) |
| Lysosomes (Job) | Job: Digests ingested bacteria, viruses and toxins and items that have been phagocytized |
| Peroxisomes (Job) | Job: neutralizes and detoxifies harmful or toxic substances |
| Cytoskeleton (Job) | Job: provides structure of cell, containing microtubules and microfilaments |
| Microtubules (Job) | Job: helps shape cell and involved in the distribution of microplasm |
| Microfilaments (Job) | Job: endocytosis and exocytosis |
| Centrioles (Job) | Job: Involved in cell division and form the bases of cilia and flagella |
| Cilia (Job) | Job: move substances from one direction to another on cell surface |
| Nucleus (Job) | Job: Location of RNA and DNA production, Gene containing control center |
| Nuclear Envelope (Job) | Job: Provides barrier between chromatin and cytoplasm |
| Chromatin (Job) | Job: Packages DNA |
| Proteins (Job) | Job: Enzymes to speed reactions, Transport Carries, Antibodies |
| Nucleic Acid (Job) | Job: genetic information and cell structure |
| DNA (Contains) | Contains: Phosphate, Sugar (dioxyribose) and Base |
| Protein Synthesis | Happens when gene activity leads the production of a specific protein |
| rRNA (Job) | Job: Found in Ribsomes, interacts with both mRNA and tRNA during protein sythesis |
| mRNA (Job) | Job: carries information from nucleus to cytoplasm or ribosome |
| tRNA (Job) | Job: gets amino acids and delivers them to ribosome’s for creation of new chain of amino acids |
| Epidermis (Cell Type) | Cell Type: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Dermis (Cell Type) | Cell Type: Connective Tissue |
| Hypodermis (superficial fascia) (Cell Type) | Cell Type: another type of connective tissue |
| Keratinoctyes (Job) | Produce keratin protein |
| Melanocytes (Job) | Produce brown pigment melanin responsible for color |
| Langerhans’s Cells (Job) | Epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system |
| Merkel Cells (Job) | Function as tough receptors in association with sensory nerve endings |
| Stratum Basale (Job) | Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to dermis |
| Stratum Spinosum (Job) | Makes skin more resistant to friction |
| Stratum Granulosum (Job) | Between corneum and granulosum layers |
| Stratum Lucidum (Job) | Contains few rows of dead keratinocytespresent only where there is a lot of abrasion |
| Stratum Corneum (Job) | Functions in: waterproofing, protection from abrasion and penetration, rendering body insensitive to physical assault |
| Sebum | Oily secreation created by sebaceous glands |
| Melanoma (diagnosis) | ABCD’s: Asymmetrical, Border is Irregular, Color is black, brown or tan, and Diameter is larger than 6mm |
Created by:
kallenpoole
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