Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
soc exam 1
sociology exam 1 chapters 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sociology | the systematic study of human society |
| Sociological perspective | the special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people |
| Global perspective | the study of the larger world and our society’s place in it |
| Auguste Comte | named sociology in 1838 to describe a new way of looking at society |
| Theory | a statement of how and why specific facts are related |
| Theoretical approach | a basic image of society that guides thinking and research |
| Structural-functional approach | a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability |
| Social structure | any relatively stable pattern of social behavior |
| Manifest functions | the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern |
| Latent functions | the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern |
| Social dysfunction | any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society |
| Social-conflict approach | a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change |
| Macro-level orientation | a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole |
| Micro-level orientation | a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations |
| Symbolic-interaction approach | a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals |
| Science | a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation |
| Empirical evidence | information we can verify with our senses |
| Variable | a concept whose value changes from case to case |
| Measurement | a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case |
| Operationalize a variable | specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable |
| Reliability | consistency in a measurement |
| Cause and effect | a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another |
| Independent variable | the variable that causes the change |
| Dependent variable | the variable that changes |
| Correlation | a relationship in which two (or more) variables change together |
| Spurious correlation | an apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variable that is caused by some other variable |
| Objectivity | personal neutrality in conducting research |
| Research method | a systematic plan for doing research |
| Experiment | a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions |
| Hypothesis | a statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables |
| Hawthorne effect | a change in a subject’s behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied |
| Survey | a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview |
| Population | the people who are the focus of the research |
| Sample | a part of a population that represents the whole |
| Participant observation | a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
| Culture | the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life |
| Symbol | anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture |
| Language | a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
| Sapir-Whorf thesis | the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language |
| Values | culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living |
| Beliefs | specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true |
| Norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
| Mores | norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance |
| Folkways | norms for routine or casual interactions |
| Subculture | cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population |
| Multiculturalism | a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions |
| Eurocentrism | the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns |
| Counterculture | cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society |
| Ethnocentrism | the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture |
| Society | people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
| Sociocultural evolution | Lenski’s term for the changes that occur as a society gains new technology |
| Hunting and gathering | making use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food |
| Horticulture | the use of hand tools to raise crops |
| Pastoralism | the domestication of animals |
| Agriculture | large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources |
| Industrialism | the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery |
| Postindustrialism | the production of information using computer technology |
| Social conflict | the struggle between segments of society over valued resources |
| Capitalists | people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits |
| Proletarians | people who sell their labor for wages |
| Social institutions | the major spheres of social life, or societal subsystems, organized to meet human needs |
| Class conflict | conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power |
| Alienation | the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
| Tradition | values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
| Rationality | a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most effient way to accomplish a particular task |
| Anomie | Durkheim’s term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals |
| Mechanical solidarity | Durkheim’s term for social bonds, based on common sentiments and shared moral values, that are strong among members of preindustrial societies |
| Organic solidarity | Durkheim’s term for social bonds based on specialization and interdependence, that are strong among members of industrial societies |
| Division of labor | specialized economic activity |
| Materialist Approach | claims that societies are defined by their economic systems: how humans produce material goods shapes their experiences |
| Karl Marx | Materialist Approach/Social Conflict |
| Max Weber | Idealist Approach/Symbolic Interaction |
| Emile Durkhiem | Structural Functionalism |
| Idealist Approach | emphasizes the pwer of ideas to shape society |
Created by:
kar527
Popular Science sets