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Chapter 4
Cells and Energy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| ADP | low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP |
| chemosynthesis | process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and come bacteria that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis |
| thylakoid | a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis |
| light-dependent reaction | part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions |
| light-independent reaction | part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates |
| photosystem | series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane |
| electron transport chain | a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane |
| ATP synthase | enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP |
| Calvin cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
| aerobic | process that requires oxygen to occur |
| glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| Krebs cycle | a series of biochemical reactions that converts pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial,and plant cells, and it releases energy |
| fermentation | breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
| lactic acid | product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells |
Created by:
kaseywallace
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