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Study Guide
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| PaCO2 | 35-45mmHg |
| HCO3 | 22-26 mEq/L |
| PaO2 | 80-100 mmHg |
| s/s of respiratory acidosis | ↑ HR, ↑RR, headache, dizziness, confusion, ↓LOC, convulsions, warm, flushed skin |
| s/s of metabolic acidosis | Kussmal respirations, lethargy, confusion, headache, weakness, nausea/vomiting |
| s/s of respiratory alkalosis | SOB, tight chest, lightheadedness, parathesis, difficulty concentrating, tremulous, blurred vision |
| s/s of metabolic alkalosis | ↓RR and depth, dizziness, parathesis, Tetany, hypertonic muscles |
| s/s of FVE | Weight gain, ↑BP, dependent edema, bounding pulse, crackles in the lungs |
| What are key interventions for managing edema? | Administer diuretics as ordered, elevate extremities, fluid restrictions, monitor lung sounds, monitor cardiac status |
| What is the purpose of monitoring intake and output? | To ensure balance of fluids. Displays renal/cardiac functioning. |
| What is the purpose/value of obtaining daily weights? | Assess for fluid retention. Assess cardiac/renal functioning |
| When would a fluid restriction be indicated? | If the patient displays s/s of Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) |
| s/s of FVD | ↑HR, ↓BP, ↓urine output, ↑urine specific gravity, dry mucous membranes, dry skin, possible thirst |
| major s/s of hypernatremia | agitation, irritable, convulsions, restlessness |
| major s/s of hyponatremia | personality ∆, convulsion → coma, tachycardia |
| What major body system(s) are influenced by sodium? | Neuro |
| What major body system(s) are influenced by potassium? | Cardiac |
| major s/s of hyperkalemia | : dysrhythmias or cardiac arrest, diarrhea, irritability, muscle weakness, decreased heart rate, paresthesias |
| major s/s of hypokalemia | muscle weakness/cramps, fatigue, N/V, decreased bowel motility, ventricular dysrhythmias, depressed deep-tendon reflexes, weak/irregular pulse |
| What major body system(s) are influenced by calcium? | Neuromuscular |
| major s/s of hypercalcemia | lethargy/weakness, bone pain, constipation, personality change, flank pain |
| major s/s of hypocalcemia | numbness, tingling of extremities and around the mouth, muscle tremors & cramps,confusion, anxiety, hyperactive deep-tendon reflexes |
| What happens to the serum osmolality (osmolarity) in a dehydrated patient? | Increases (↓ in fluid, leads to an increase proportion of solutes to fluid volume in the blood) |
| What happens to the serum hematocrit level in a patient with a fluid volume excess? | Decreases (↑ in fluid leads to a decrease in the proportion of solutes to fluid volume in the blood) |
Created by:
nymph487
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