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Memory
Psychology GCSE AQA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a semantic memory? | A semantic memory is a memory that is concerned with general knowledge rather than personal experience. |
| What is a procedural memory? | A procedural memory is our memory for carrying out complex skills. |
| What is an episodic memory? | An episodic memory is a unique memory which is concerned with personal experiences or events. |
| What is retrieval? | Retrieval is recovering information from storage. |
| What is encoding? | Encoding is taking information into the memory and changing it into a form that can be stored. |
| What is cued recall? | Cued recall is when you try to remember a piece of information then someone gives you a clue. |
| What is free recall? | Free recall is when you retrieve information without any cues. |
| What is the encoding, capacity and duration of the sensory store? | Encoding: Way it is retrieved from our senses. Capacity: Very limited. Duration: Less than 1 second. |
| What is the encoding, capacity and duration of the short-term store? | Encoding: Mainly acoustic. Capacity: 7+- 2 pieces of information. Duration: 18 -30 seconds. |
| What is the encoding, capacity and duration of the long-term store? | Encoding: Mainly semantic. Capacity: Unlimited. Duration: Lifetime. |
| What is the primacy effect? | The primacy effect is when more of the first information is recalled rather than subsequent later information. |
| What is the recency effect? | The recency effect is when more of the information received later is recalled rather than earlier information. |
| What is the serial position effect? | The serial position effect is that the chances of recalling any item depends on its position in the list. |
| What was the aim of Murdock's study? | To provide evidence for the existence of separate short-term and long-term stores of the multi-store model of memory. |
| What was the method used by Murdock? | 16 participants presented with a list of 20 words at the rate of 1 per second. They were given 90 seconds to recall as many words as they could in any order (free recall). Repeated with same participants 80 times with a different list of words each time. |
| What were the results of Murdock's study? | The words at the end of the list were recalled first (recency effect). Words from the beginning of the list were recalled well (primacy effect), but words in the middle of the lis were not recalled well at all. |
| What was the conclusion of Murdock's study? | Murdock concluded that this provides evidence for the existence of separate short-term and long-term stores in the multi-store model of memory. |
| Why were the last few words recalled well in Murdock's study? | The last few words were recalled well as they were still in the short-term store and so were readily available to be recalled, providing evidence for the existence of the short-term store. |
| Why were the first few words recalled well in Murdock's study? | The first few words were recalled well as there was time for them to be rehearsed. This means they had passed into the long-term store and so were readily available to be recalled, providing evidence for the existence of the long-term store. |
| What are the limitations of Murdock's study? | Lacks ecological validity. Participants similar age, psychology students so may work out aim/impress experimenter. Some see short-term memory as active part of long-term. Some believe it's simplistic to view memory as having one long-term store. |
| What is reconstructive memory? | Reconstructive memory is altering our recollection of things so they make more sense to us. |
| What is effort after meaning? | Effort after meaning is making sense of something unfamiliar after it has happened. |
| What was the aim of Bartlett's study? | To see if people when given an unfamiliar story to remember would alter the information so that it made more sense to them. |
| What was the study design used by Bartlett? | Lab study- some control over extraneous variables. Standardised procedures. Participants undergraduate English students at Cambridge University. |
| What was the method used by Bartlett? | Read 'War of the Ghosts' to themselves twice at normal reading pace. 15 minutes later, asked to retell the story to someone else, and so on. Record made of story after each person retold it, so Bartlett could see changes. |
| What were the results of Bartlett's study? | After passed on 10 times, it was shorter, had lots of omissions, changes to detail and order of events was changed. No mention of ghosts. Unfamiliar names changed canoes to boat. Story at end showed clear version of a fight and death. |
| What was the conclusion of Bartlett's study? | Bartlett concluded that our memory is not an exact copy of what we hear. It is distorted by what we already know about the world. Therefore, our memory is influenced bu our own beliefs and stereotypes. |
| What are the weaknesses of Bartlett's study? | Conducted rather casually, no set standards-lacks validity. Bartlett's own beliefs may have affected the way he interpreted the data. The story was unusual and therefore may not reflect everyday memory processes. |
| What is interference? | Interference is the difficulty in recalling information when other memories get in the way. |
| What is context? | Context is the general setting or environment in which activities happen. |
| What are false memories? | False memories are when you remember something that has never happened. |
| What are the evaluation points of the multi-store model of memory? | All information has be be rehearsed - not true. Model is too rigid and ignores individual differences. Too simple representation of a complex process. Information needs to be understood or turned into a story to be remembered. |
Created by:
ebony03
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