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Respiratory Sys
exam IV
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 functions of respiratory system | cleaning &filtering air, ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, smell ,speech |
| our ventilation is called | negative draft ventilation |
| breathing IN is called | inspiration |
| breathing OUT is called | expiration |
| pressure within the lung is called | alveolar pressure |
| pressure within the pleural cavities is called | intrapleural pressure |
| describe Boyle's law | volume increases, pressure decreases/ volulme decreases, pressure increases |
| exchanged during one respiratory cycle while at rest | TV- tidal volume |
| expiration is by | elastic recoil |
| the main muscle of ventilation is the | diaphragm |
| the ribs and sternum are elevated by contraction of the | external intercostal muscles |
| more muscles are activated during ____________ when more air is inspired and must be forcefully activated | forced ventilation |
| describe gas exchange in lungs | diffusion of O2 from alveoli into the blood and the diffusion of CO2 from the blood into the alveoli- occurs across the respiratory membrane |
| what makes up the respiratory membrane | alveolar cells, capillary endothelial cells and their basement membranes |
| describe Henry's Law | the amount of gas that dissolves from a gaseous state into a liquid state is proportional to the partial pressure and the solubiltiy of that gas at a given temp |
| CO2 is transported in three ways | 7-10% dissolved in plasma, 20-30% chemical bond to hemoglobin forms carbaminohemoglobin, 60-70% converted to molecule carbonic acid and then transported in plasma as sodium bicarbonate |
| terminal bronchoile supplies air to | lobule |
| each terminal bronchiole divides intio several | respiratory bronchioles |
| resp. bronchioles divide into | alveolar ducts |
| alveolar ducts supply air to | alveolar (air) sacs |
| each air sac composed of two or more smaller | alveoli(us) |
| air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less than | atmospheric pressure |
| how does the alveolar pressure become reduced to below atmospheric | contraction of diaphragm and rib muscles |
| air moves out of lungs when pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric- describe how this happens | 1-diaphragm & intercostals relax 2-chest gets smaller 3-elastic recoil of alveoli creates alveolar pressure greater than atmospheric 4- air is pushed out of lungs 5-expiration is passive |
| what is it & describe Dalton's Law | law of partial pressure-in a mixture of gasses, the total pressure is equal to the sum of pressures contributed by each individual gas, termed partial pressures=Pg |
| Partial pressure is based on | amount of gas in air and blood |
| PP in lungs: O2 increases in oxygentated blood to between | 80-100mmHg (av.=95) |
| PP in lungs: CO2 decreases in oxygenated blood to between | 35-45 mmHg (av.=40) |
| PP in tissues: O2 decreases in deoxygenated blood to between | 37-42 mmHg (av.=40) |
| PP in tissues: CO2 increases in deoxygenated blood to between | 42-50 mmHg (av.=45) |
| PP in lungs: PP of O2 in alveolar air > in deoxygentated blood so ___ diffuses into blood | O2 |
| PP in lungs: PP of CO2 >in deoxygenated blood than in alveolar air, so ___ diffuses into alveolus | CO2 |
| PP in tissues: PP of O2 in oxygenated blood > than in tissues, so ___ diffuses into tissues | O2 |
| PP in tissues: PP of CO2 > in tissues than in oxygenated blood, so ___ | CO2 diffuses into blood from tissues |
| PvO2 is symbol for PP of oxygen in _______ (venous) blood and is about ____mmHg | deoxygenated/ 40 |
| PvCO2 is symbol for PP of CO2 in _______(venous) blood and is about ____ mmHg | oxygenated/ 45 |
| Henry's Law states (breif explanation) | more oxygen in the air results in more oxygen in the blood |
| what effects the amount of gas that will dissolve into a liquid according to Henry's Law | PP of gas, solubility of gas in liquid, temp of liquid |
| 98.5% of O2 is carried by ________ | iron of hemoglobin |
| __________picks up O2 in lungs and delivers it ot tissues | hemoglobin |
| hemoglobin becomes ___________when it picks up O2 in lungs | oxyhemoglobin |
| hemoglobin becomes __________when O2 is delivered to tissues | deoxyhemoglobin |
| abbreviation for hemoglobin | Hb |
| symbol for oxyhemoglobin | Hb-O2 |
| symbol for deoxyhemoglobin | Hb-H |
| _____has affinity for O2 | Iron |
| each Hb molecule has 4 _____groups and each heme contains an ______atom | heme/iron |
| pick-up of O2 in lungs by iron is called | loading |
| delivery (release by iron) of O2 in tissues is called | unloading |
| loading is aka_____respiration | external |
| unloading is aka _______respiration | internal |
| PO2 main factor in O2 loading and unloading : in lungs/ in tissues | higher PO2 in lungs favors loading/ lower PO2 in tissues favors unloading |
| in lung capillaries PO2 is ____ and O2 binds to ____ | high/ Hb |
| in tissue capillaries PO2 is ____and ______releases O2 | low/ Hb-O |
| in resting person, nearly _____% of O2 unloaded, this is aka _______rate | 25/basil |
| lower pH of tissues capillaries favors ________of O2 | unloading |
| name 4 factors that favor unloading O2 | 1-lower PO2 2-lower pH 3-higher temp 4- higher BPG |
| name 3 factors that favor loading O2 | 1-higher PO2 2- higher pH 3- lower temp |
| higher PCO2 of tissue capillaries favors loading or unloading | unloading |
| increased CO2= increased ________ when CO2 is dissolved in water | carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| higher pH of lungs capillaries favors loading or unloading | loading |
| Hb has higher affinity for O2 at higher or lower pH | higher |
| Bohr effect- release of O2 at higher or lower pH | lower |
| what % of CO2 is converted to HCO3 | 70 |
| most bicarbonate transported in plasma as | sodium bicarbonate |
| hemoglobin that has bound CO2 is termed | carbaminohemoglobin |
| name 2 advantages in forming bicarbonate | 1-bicarbonate is more soluble than CO2 in plasma 2- HCO3 is an acid buffer |
| in the medulla oblongata __________cells are active for 2 seconds and then inactive for 3 seconds during respiration | autorhythmic |
| which area of the medulla oblongata controls the basic rhythm of respiration | inspiratory |
| the __________area of the medulla is inactive during most quiet breathing & active only during __________ventilation | expiratory/ forced |
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ShellyA&P
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