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Chapter 10
Earth's Structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Seismic wave | vibrations that carry energy released during an earthquake |
| crust | the layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor |
| mantle | made up of rock that is very hot; has layers that are classified by the physical characteristics of those layers. |
| lithosphere | earths crust and uppermost mantle |
| asthenosphere | soft part of the mantle |
| outer core | layer of molten metal surrounding the inner core |
| inner core | a dense ball of solid metal |
| convection current | heating and cooling of a fluid, changes in the fluid's density causing rising and sinking |
| continental drift | Wegener's idea that continents slowly moves over earths surface |
| Pangaea | supercontinent |
| fossil | any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved |
| focus | the area beneath the earths surface where rock that was under stress begins to break or move |
| epicenter | the point on the surface directly above the focus |
| p-wave | the first waves to arrive |
| S-wave | the second waves to arrive |
| surface wave | slowest wave, but can produce several ground movements |
| seismograph | an instrument that records and measures an earthquakes seismic waves |
| modified mercalli scale | rates the amount of shaking from an earthquake |
| magnitude | the number that geologists have assigned to an earthquake based on the earthquakes size |
| richter | scale used to measure earthquakes based on the size of the waves produced. |
| volcano | a mountain that forms in earths crust when molten material, or magma, reaches the surface |
| magma | molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle |
| mid-ocean ridge | form long chains of mountains that rise up from the ocean floor |
| sea-floor spreading | the mid-ocean ridge continually add new material to the ocean floor |
| subduction | where part of the ocean floor sinks back into the mantle |
| plate | esrth's lithosphere is broken into uneven pieces |
| divergent boundary | plates move apart |
| convergent boundary | plates come together |
| transform boundary | plates slide past each other |
| plate tectonics | earths plates are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle |
| fault | breaks in earths crust where rocks have slipped past each other |
| rift valley | where pieces of earths crust diverge on land |
| earthquake | shaking and trembling that results from movement of rock beneath the earths surface |
| lava | when magma reaches the surface |
| ring of fire | one major belt of volcanoes |
| island arc | volcanoes creating a string of islands |
| hot spot | an area where material from deep within earths mantle rises through the crust and melts to form magma |
| seismogram | the record of an earthquakes seismic waves |
Created by:
creedenb
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