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Gross II - PCC
Gross II - 3rd lecture exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The rectus sheath consists of an anterior and posterior layer... the composition of these loayers changes when it passes the what? | Arcuate line |
| Where is the arcuate line? | Posterior layer of rectus sheath midway between umbilicus and pubic tubercle |
| Above arcuate line : Ant layer of rectus sheath is formed by what muscles? Post layers? | 1. External and internal obliques 2. Internal oblique abdominis |
| Portal vein drains its 4 structures to the ___ then where does it drain? | 1. Liver 2. IVC via hepatic vein |
| The portal vein is formed by the union of what 2 veins? | Splenic vein and superior mesenteric |
| 4 tributaries of portal veins | Splenic veins, superior mesenteric vein, left gastric veins |
| 4 tributaries to the splenic vein | Short gastric, left gastroepiploic, pancreatic veins, inferior mesenteric veins |
| 3 branches of inferior vein | Left colic vein, sigmoid veins, superior rectal vein |
| The sup rectal vein unites with the ___ vein to form the inf mesenteric vein | Sigmoid vein |
| 6 branches of the superior mesenteric vein | 1. Juejunal and ileal veins 2. Iliocolic vein 3. Right colic vein, Middle colic vein, right gastroepiploic, pancreaticoduodenal vein |
| Colon cancer most often metastisizes to what organ? | Liver |
| Paraumbilical veins accompany the ___ to the umbilicus | Ligamentum teres |
| T or F : All tributaries to the portal vein accompany arteries of the same name | True ...except for paraumbilical vein |
| Destruction of hepatic cells and replacement of fibrous tissue and fat | Cirhosis |
| In cirrhosis, the liver becomes __ and __. What is constricted? Where is it constricted? What will this cause? | 1. Nodular and hard 2. Portal vein 3. Porta hepatis 4. Portal hypertension |
| Largest structure entering the porta hepatis? | Portal vein |
| Abnormal elevation of pressure within portal system often due to cirrhosis of the the liver | Portal hypertension |
| Because the portal system has no valves, flow is reverse, bypassing the liver...what is a result? | Blood backs up into caval system where anastomosis occurs...veins may become vericose and rupture |
| Portal-caval anastomosis: 1. Distal esophagus 2. Umbilicus 3. Rectum and anal canal 2 veins that form anastomosis at these locations | 1. Esophageal, left gastric 2. Superficial veins of ant abdominal wall, preumbilical 2. Middle and inferior rectal, superior rectal |
| Obstructive sign in the distal esophagus in portal hypertension | Esophageal varicies |
| Obstructive sign around unbilicus in portal hypertension | Caput medusae |
| What may or may not be an obstructive sign of rectus and anal canal in portal hypertension | Hemorrhoids |
| Largest visceral organ and largest gland in the body | Liver |
| 4 functions of the liver | 1. Bile production 2. Metabolism of protein, fats and carbs 3. Storage of glycogen, vitamins and iron 4. Detoxification |
| Where is all bile produced? What does bile do? | 1. Liver 2. Emulcifies fats |
| 1. Ligamentum teres 2. Ligamentum venosum What are these remnant of? | 1. Obliterated umbilical vein 2. Ductus venosus |
| 3 things that may be yellow due to jaudice. The yellow coloration is due to the release of __ into circulation | 1. Skin, sclera of eye, mucus membranes 2. Bilirubin |
| 2 surfaces of liver | 1. Diaphragmatic = superior and convex 2. Visceral = Infeiror and concave |
| The porta hepatis is the __ of the liver. 3 things it contains. | 1. Hilum 2. Common heptic duct (to the right) proper hepatic artery (to the left) Portal vein (posterior) |
| Lobe of liver between L and R lobes posterior to porta heptatis | Caudate lobe |
| Lobe of liver between R and L lobe anterior to the porta hepatis | Quadrate lobe |
| L or R lobe of liver is larger? | Right |
| Lobe that the gallbladder lies in? What lies posterior to the gallbladder? | 1. Right 2. Inferior Vena Cava |
| T or F The IVC passes through the porta hepatis | Nope! |
| Where is the division for the functional halves of the liver? | To the right of the falciform ligament from the IVC through the gallbladder |
| T or F the functional halves of the liver are nearly equal in wieght? | True |
| There are 8 hepatic segments: which are found in the left functional half? The right? | 1. I to IV 2. V to VIII |
| 4 structures distributing to L and R functional halves | 1. L and R hepatic artery 2. L and R portal vein 3. L and R hepatic ducts (common hepatic duct) 4. L and R hepatic veins |
| The liver is covered with visceral peritoneum except the what? | Bare area |
| Where is the bare area located? | Posterior aspect of diaphragmatic surface |
| What major vein lies within the bare area? | IVC |
| Ligament of the liver that connect the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall? | Falciform ligament |
| The two layers of the falciform ligament split to become what? | Coronary ligament |
| What ligaments form the borders of the bare area? | Coronary ligaments |
| Ligaments that blends in with the lesser omentum? | Coronary ligaments |
| LIgaments formed at the junction of superior and inferior layers of coronary ligaments | R and L triangular ligaments |
| Forms free edge of falciform ligament and is the remnant of the obliterated umbilical vein | Ligamentum teres |
| Ligamentum between left lobe and caudate lobe. Remnant of the ductus venosus | Ligamentum venosum |
| What does ductus venosus do? | Shunts fetal blood from umbilical vein to IVC bypassing the liver |
| Covers IVC within bare area | Ligament of the IVC |
| The fissures of the liver form an H... name the 5 fissures of the liver | 1. Fissure for ligamentum teres 2. Fissure for ligamentum venosus 3. Fossa for gallbladder 4. Fissure for IVC 5. Porta hepatis |
| Fissure between the left lobe and quadrate lobe? Fissure that forms the crossbar of the H | 1. Fissure for ligamentum teres 2. Porta Hepatis |
| 1. FIssure between left lobe and caudate lobe 2. Between right lobe and caudate lobe | 1. Fissure for ligamentym venosum 2. Fissure for IVC |
| FIssure between right lobe and quadrate lobe | Fossa for gallbladder |
| The liver receives its blood from what 2 vessels? | POrtal vein and hepatic vein |
| 1. 75 to 80% of blood is brought to the liver by what? 2. 20-25% of blood is brought to the liver by what? Which one carries O2 rich blood? | 1. Portal vein (no O2) 2. Hepatic artery (O2) |
| Gall stones mnay be compacted where? | Distal hepatopancreatic ampula |
| Gallbladder is located on the __ surface of the ___. | Visceral surface of liver |
| Function of gallbladder | Stores bile... does not produce it! |
| 3 parts of gallbladder | Fundus, Body, neck |
| Where does the gallbladder drain? | Cystic duct |
| 1. When gallbladder contracts where does it secrete bile? 2. What hormone is contraction stimulated by? | 1. Duodenum 2. Cholecystekinin |
| Blood supply to the gallbladder | Cystic artery from right hepatic artery |
| Innervation of gallbladder? | Celiac plexus |
| Biliary duct system: 1. Drains corresponding halves of liver 2. Formed by union of right and left hepatic duct 3. Drains the gallbladder | 1. R and L hepatic duct 2. Common hepatic duct 3. Cystic duct |
| Formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct. Formed by the union of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct | 1. Common bile duct 2. Hepatopancreatic ampula |
| 3 sphincters of the gallbladder | Hepatopancreatic spincter, sphincter of common bile duct, pancreatis duct spincter |
| Valves within the spincters of gallbladder are called what? | Spiral folds |
| Narrowest point in biliary passageways | Distal hepatopancreatic ampula |
| Gallstones are mainly composed of what? | Cholesterol |
| Blockages at distal hepatopancreatic ampula cause back up of bile through ___? As a result, ___ may occur? | 1. Main pancreatic duct 2. Pancreatitis |
| 4 risk factors for gallstones | 1. Female 2. Obesity 3. Pregancies 4. High fat diet |
| Upper abdominal diseases involving liver, gallbladder or stomach may refer pain to what thoracic segements? | T8-T12 |
| In most cases, gallbladder attacks cause pain where? 30% of patients have pain refered where? | 1. Right upper quadrant 2. RIGHT subscapular region of back |
| Appencitis is reffered where? | Right lower quadrant |
| The pancreas is both an ___ and ___ gland? | Exocrine and endocrine |
| Exocrine function of pancreas? Endocrine? | 1. Digestive enzyme secretion 2. Secretes glucagon and insulin |
| 5 parts of pancreas | Head, Neck, Body, Tail, Uncinate process |
| Projection of the head of the pancreas to the left behind superior mesenteric vessels | Uncinate process |
| The pancrease lies posterior to the ___ with the epigastric and ___ regions | 1. Stomach 2. Left hypochondriac |
| T or F : the pancreas is retroperitoneal? | False: it is retro except for the tip of the tail |
| The tip of the tail of the pancreas is what? Retro or Intra? | Intraperitoneal |
| The head of the pancreas lies within the what? | Duodenum |
| What vessel lies on the posterior surface of pancreas? Superior surface of pancreas? | 1. Splenic vein 2. Splenic artery |
| 2 things that drain the pancreas. Which drains what part of the pancreas? | 1. Main pancreatic duct : drains neck, body and tail 2. Accessory pancreatic duct: drains head and uncinate process |
| What is unique about the accessory pancreatic duct? | If gallstones are present and the amin pancreatic duct is blocked, the accessory pancreatis duct bypasses the main duct and allows digestive enzymes to exit |
| 3 arteries supplying pancreas? | 1. Pancreatic branches of splenic artery 2. Superior pancreaticodudenal artery 3. Inferior pancreaticuduodenal artery |
| Innervation of pancreas | Celiac plexus |
| Rupture of pancreas: Occurs when? What is a harmful result? | 1. Forceful compression of abdomen (MVA) 2. Release of digestive enzymes into body cavities |
| Pain from head of pancreas is reffered to what side of vertebral collum? Pain from the body and tail is reffered to what side of vertebral collum? | 1. Right 2. Left |
| The sleep is a __ organ | Lymphatic organ |
| 3 functions of sleen | 1. Produces lymphocytes in newborns 2. Removes worn out RBCs 3. Stores RBCs |
| Where is the speel located? | Against ribs 9 to 11 in left hypochondrial region |
| Unique function of spleen | Performs an autotransfusion during hemorrhage |
| Surface of splee: Conves surface lying against the diaphragm Concave surface which lies agains abdominal viscera | 1. Diaphragmatic surface 2. Visceral surface |
| 3 visceral surface of spleen... 1. Lies against stomach 2. Lies against L colic flexure 3. Lies against L kidney | 1. Gastric surface 2. Colic surface 3. Renal surface |
| The hilum of the spleen is located on what surface? | Visceral |
| 2 ligaments of the spleen 1. attaches stomach to the spleen 2. Attached spleen to the left kidney | 1. Gastrosplenic ligament 2. Splenorenal ligament |
| Which ligament of the spleen contains the intraperitoneal portion of the pancrea? What part of the pancreas is this? | Spenorenal ligament (tail of pancreas) |
| Where do fats go? | Picked up by lymphatic vessels of SI |
| All nutrients except what enter the portal system and go to the liver? | Fats |
| 4 things the portal vein system drains | GI tract, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder |
| 2 interlinked systems within the trunk | Portal vein system and Caval system |
| Abnormal motility may increase risk of what? | Colon cancer |
| Diarrhea, constipation and other colon problems may be releat to a subluxation where? | Lower thoracic, Upper lumbar, Sacral |
| Where do all branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries empty? | Marginal artery |
| Mortality rate of bowel infarction? | 95% |
| Occlussion of the bowel vessels with lipid plaques...may lead to what? | Ischemic bowel disease may lead to bowel infarction |
| Straight terminal branches from marginal artery to large intestin | Vasa recta |
| An anastomotic channel which runs from the cecum to sigmoid colon? All branches of superior and inferior mesenteric artermy empty into it? | Marginal artery |
| 3 branches of inferior mesenteric artery | Left colic artery, Sigmoid arteries, Superior rectal artery |
| What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply? | Large intestin from left one third of tranverse colon to anal canal |
| 3rd unpaired abdominal branch? It supplies things that are ___ derived? | 1. Inferior mesenteric artery 2. Hindgut |
| Right colic arter and middle colic artery...what do they supply? | 1. Ascendin colon 2. Tranverse colon |
| Innervation of duodenum | Autonomic fibers from celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses |
| Blood supply to jejunum and ileum | Jewjunal and ileal branches of superior mesenteric artery |
| Perforation duodenal ulcers leak their content where? | Intraoeritoneal cavity : the duodenal cap is intraperitoneal |
| Innervation of jejunum and ilieum | Autonomic fibers from superior mesenteric plexus |
| What is responsible for the hairpin loop of the duodenajejunal flexure? | Suspensory muscle of duodenum : extends from diaphragm to flexure |
| Small arches that lead uo to the vasa recta | Arcades |
| Three narrow longitudinal braqnches of muscle seen most prominantly in the cecum and ascending colon | Teniae coli |
| Most common position of appendix? Second most common? | 1. retrocecal 2. pelvic |
| Herniations of the mucosa of the colon through the muscular layer without inflammation | Diverticulosis |
| Diverticulosis is most common where? | Sigmoid colon |
| Produces cobble stoned appearance on x-ray. Inflammatory bowl disease that most commonly affect distal ilieum adjacent to colon, and possibly part of the GI tract | Crohn's disease |
| Motility of the SI is controlled by what nerves of the ANS? Subluxation where may affect motility and may contribute to things like crohns? | 1. Vagus, Greater and Lesser splanchnic 2. Lower Ts |
| The LI extends from the ___ to ___. How long is it? how long is the SI? | 1. Ileocecal junction to anus 2. 1.5m 3. 7m |
| Primary function of LI? What vitamin is produced here? function? | 1. Converts liquid contents of ilieum into semisolid feces by absorbing water 2. Vit K 3. Blood clotting |
| Blind pouch below iliocecal junction. Lies to the right of the iliac fossa. Function? | 1. Cecum 2. Prevents backflow of feces into SI via ileocecal valve |
| Lateral fusion of flaps of iliocecal valve | Frenula |
| What pathology is related to a low fiber diet? Also treated with laser endoscopy? | Diverticulosis |
| The appendix contains ___ tissue in the walls. It arises from the __ aspect of cecum. | 1. Lymphoid 2. Posteriomedial |
| Teniae coli of colon is most prominantly seen in which two parts? | Cecum and ascending colon |
| Most common inflammatory condition in the world | Appendicitis |
| Appendicitis can be caused by obstruction of lumen (2 ways) | Fecal impactation and lymphoid hyperplasia |
| Four part of the colon | Ascending, descending, transverse and sigmoid |
| Sacculation or outpocketings of colon? How far down does it extend? | 1. Haustra 2. Sigmoid colon |
| Small masses of fat covered with visceral peritoneum which extend from the colon? | Appendicies epiploicae |
| Severe inflammation and ulceratiuon of rectum and lower colon | Ulcerative colitis |
| Ulcerative colitis is usually restricted to the __. Radiographycally, the bowel appears ___ | 1. Mucosa 2. Contricted |
| Coomon condition involving recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea with no inflammation or deterioration of health | IBS (spastic colon) |
| IBS: symptons are caused by what? Cause is unknown but symptoms are brought on by what? | 1. Abnormal muscular contraction of colon 2. Stress and axiety |
| 2nd unpairs branch of abdominal blood supply? 1st? | 1. Superior mesenteric (midgut derived) 2. Celiac trunk |
| The superior mesentery artery arises from the __ below the ___. What does it supply? | 1. Aorta, celiac trunk 2. 2nd part of duodenal to right two thirds of transverse colon |
| What is the ileal diverticulum an embryonic derivitive of? | Vitaline duct |
| The duodenum contains what glands? function? | Duodenal gland (bruner's glands) secretes a dilute alkaline substance (neutralizes stomach acid) |
| The duodenum is a ___ shaped tube which surrounds what? | 1. C-shaped 2. Head of pancreas |
| 1. The begining of the superior or first part of duodenum is called what? The second or descending part contains the junction of the ___ and ___ where what 2 things empty? | 1. Duodenal cap 2. Forgut and midgut : bile duct and pancreatic duct |
| Longest part duodenum? | Inferior or horizontal part (3rd) |
| 4th part of duodenum terminates where? | Duodenaljejunal flexure |
| The duodenum is entirely retroperitoneal except what? | Duodenal cap, distal end of fourth part (ascending) |
| What parts of the duodenum are supplied by the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery? | 3rd and 4th part |
| T or F: peyers patches are located in the jejunum? | False |
| Straight terminal branches of arteries which travel through the mesentary to supply the SI? | Vasa recta |
| Circular folds found within the small intestine? | Pilicae circulares |
| 3 arteries that supply the duodenum? | Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery |
| 3 organs often damaged in a duodenal ulcer due to their proximity to the ulcer | Liver, pancreas, Gallbladder |
| Shartes and widest part of SI | Duodenum |
| What part of the duodenum contains the emptying point of the bile and pancreatic duct? | Descending (2nd part) |
| What condition of the SI mimics apendicitis? | Ileal diverticulum |
| A remanant of embryonic vitaline duct? Also a common malformation of digestive tract? | Ileal diverticulum |
| Trace the path of fluid leakage in a duodenal ulcer? | Subhepatic recess --- right paracolic gutter --- right iliac fossa |
| Where is a duodenal ulcer most commonly located? which sac? | 1. Duodenal cap 2. Greater sac |
| What artery may be damaged due to a perforated duodenal ulcer | Gastroduodenal artery (because it passes right under the cap of the duodenum which is the most common site for duodenal ulcers |
| What nerve supplies the stomach and duodenum above entrance of the bile duct? | Splanchnic nerve |
| Makes up proximal 2 fifths of SI distal to the duodenum? Where does it begin? | 1. Jejunum 2. Duodenojujunal flexure |
| Distal three fifth of SI... joins solon at the ___. | Ileum Iliocecal junction |
| Both jejunum and ileum are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by what? | Mesentary |
| Segment of GI tract which is most involved in nutrient uptake | Jejunum |
| 3 things the ilium absorbs | 1. Fat soluble vitamins 2. Vit B-12 3. Bile salts |
| Lymphoid tissue found within the walla of SI | Peyer's patches |
| What would you expect to see in jejunum and ileum as far as vascularity and diamter goes? why? | Greater vascularity, Larger diameter because they participate greatly in absorption |
| Blood supply and innervation to stomach | Branches from celiac trunk and celiac plexus via greater splanchnic and vagus |
| What is the epiploic formaen? | Opening between your greater and lesser sac |
| 4 boundries of epiploic foramen | 1. Liver 2. First part of duodenum 3. Free edge of lesser omentum 4. Peritonium |
| 3 structures which pass through the porta heptis | Portal vein, proper hepatic artery, common bile duct |
| Gastroesophageal reglux is associates with the malfunctioning of what spincter? | Inferior esophageal spincter |
| 3 causal factors of gastric ulcers? | 1. Subluxation of t5-T9 2. Bacteria may erode mucus barier 3. Excess acid secretion ralated to stress |
| Sympathetic innervation for foregut, midgut and hindgut | 1. Greater and lesser splanchnic 2. same 3. Lumbar splanchnic |
| Parasympathetic for foregut, midgut and hindgut | 1. Vagus 2. Vagus 3 Pelvic splanchinic nerves |
| Visceral peritoneum is refered to as what? Retroperitoneal organs are covered with a connective tissue coat called what? | 1. Serosa 2. Adventia |
| Longitudinal folds in mucous membrane located in cavity of the stomach that increases surface area? | Rugae |
| Smallest branch of celiac trunk? Largest? | 1. Left gastric artery 2. Splenic artery |
| The innervation to teh stomach is from the celiac plexus. What 2 nerves form this? | Sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerve Para: vagus |
| Tumor like increase in size of pyloric sphincter which reduces size of pyloric canal? more common in ___? | 1. Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 2. males |
| Congenital hypertrophic pyloris stenosis results in what? What kind of intervention is needed? | 1. Projectile vomiting 2. Surgery early in infancy |
| T or F: chiropractic can help congenital pyloric stenosis | False |
| 1. Spasmodic contraction of pyloric spincter? 2. Food does not pass easily from ___ to ___? Stomach becomes full leading to ___? | 1. Pylorospasm 2. Duodenum to stomach 3. Vommiting |
| Subluxation where may play a role in pylorospasm? | T5-T9 |
| T or F chiropractic can help pylorospasm? | True |
| Gastric ulcers occur where? What does the stomach secrete? It's sticky...why? | 1. Mucossa of stomach 2. Alakaline, sticky substance 3. Forms a barrier between stomach acid and mucossa |
| Stomach lies ___ to diaphragm, left lobe of liver and ant abdominal wall? | Posterior |
| Frist unp[aired branch of abdominal aorta? It ariese immerdiatly below what? | 1. Celiac trunk 2. Aortic hiatus |
| 2 branches of left gastric artery>? | 1. Esophageal branches 2. Gastric branches |
| 1. Largest branch of celia artery? 3 branches of it? | 1. Splenic artery 2. pancreatic branches, short gastric artery, left gastroepiploic |
| 2 branches of common heptaic artery | Gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery |
| 3 branches of gastroduodenal artery | 1. Supraduodenal 2. Right gastroepiploic 3. Superior pancreaticoduodenal |
| The right gastroepiploic artery runs within what? The sup pancreaticoduodenal passes between the ___ and ___? | Greater omentum Duodenum and head of pancreas |
| The proper hepatic artery p;articipates in the anterior border of what? 3 branches of it? | 1. Epiploic foramen 2. Right gastric A, Right hepatic A (cystic A), Left hepatic A |
| 3 main branches of celiac trunk | Left gastric, splenic, common hepatic |
| What is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk? Where does it travel within? what doe sit anastomose with> | 1. Left gastric 2. lesser omentum 3. right gastric |
| You can locate the short gastric artery always where? | Fundus of stomach |
| The left gastroepiploic artery can be always found where? | The left gastroepiploic is called the gastro-omental and it is found by the body of the stomach |
| The right gastroepiploic a. can always be found where? What is it a branch of? What does it anastamose with? | 1. By pyloric part of stomach 2. Gastroduodenal A 3. Left gastroepiploic A. |
| The comon hepatic artery becomes the proper heptaic artery after giving off what branch? | Gastroduodenal artery |
| What give rise to the cystic artery? What is the cystic artery? | right hepatic artery: artery to the gallbladder |
| The Si extends from the ___ to the ___ (how long is it?) | Pyloric orifice to the iliocelcal junction, 7m |
| Muscle responsible for peristaltis? | Muscularis externa |
| A longitudinal depression lateral to ascending colon | Right paracolic gutter |
| Longitudinal depression to later descending colon | Left paracolic gutter |
| What does the forgut form? Where does it end? | 1. Sotmach and part of duodenum 2. Second part of duodenum at entrance of bile duct |
| The midgut begins at the entrance of the ___. It forms the what and ends where? | 1. Common bile duct 2. Second part of duodenum, ends with the right 2 thirds of transverse colon |
| Hindgut begins where? ends where? | 1. On third of transerve solon 2. Upper part of anal canal |
| Blood supply to the forgut, midgut and hindgut | 1. Celiac trunk 2. Superior mesentery artery 3. Inferior mesenteric artery |
| Forms the innermost layer of the gut wall? what muscle is located here? | 1. Muscosa 2. Muscularis mucosae |
| Just above the mucosa, it contains blood and lymphatics | Submucosa |
| Thick layer of smooth muyscle just above submucosa | Muscularis externa |
| 2 layers of muscularis externa | 1. inner circular layer 2. outer longitudinal layer |
| Postganglionic fibers that supply muscularis mucosae and mucous secreteing glands | Submuscosal (meisner's) plexus |
| The superficial inguinal ring is formed by the splitting of ___ into 2 crura | External oblique aponeurosis |
| Postganglionic fibers that stimulate peristalis? Located where? | 1. Myenteric (auerbach) plecus 2. Between the longituduinal and circular layers of the muscularis externa |
| The stomach lies in what regions of the abdomen? | Left hypochondrial and epigastric regions |
| Part of the stomach where esophagus joins the stomach? | Cardiac part |
| 2 orifices of the stomach? | Cardiac orifice and pyloric orifice |
| 4 subdivisions of the pyloric part of the stomach? | Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric orifice, pyloric sphincter |
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