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Exam 1
notes for exam one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| smalles living units in our bodies | cells |
| collection of cells with smilar structure and function | tissue |
| a part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function | organ |
| group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function | organ system |
| the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment | homeostasis |
| example of negative feedback | regulation of blood glucose levels |
| example of positive feed back | regulation of blood clotting |
| which feedback helps maintain homeostasis | both? |
| necessary life functions | maintain boundaries, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, differentiation, movement, metabolism |
| smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits characteristics of an element- made of p+, n, and e- | atom |
| made up of atoms, unique form of matter- can't be broken down | element |
| particle consisting of two or more elements combined by chemical bonds(H2, O2, H2O) | molecule |
| composed of two or more elements, the atoms of which are chemically united (HCl, H2O,NaCl) | compound |
| atomic number = | protons |
| atomic mass= | protons + neutrons |
| different number of neutrons | isotopes |
| bonds resulting from charged atons | ionic |
| formed by electron sharing | covalent bonds |
| example of ionic bonds | NaCl |
| example of covalent bonds | CH4, N2 |
| form between polar molecules- give molecule a three dimensional shape | hydrogen bonds |
| negative ion | anion |
| positive ion | cation |
| electrons shared equally between atoms | nonpolar covalent |
| unequal sharing of electrons | polar covalent |
| special properties of water | H bonds cause surface tension and temperature stabilization. also, dissolve polar molecules |
| proton donor, example | acids, HCl |
| proton acceptor, or OH- donor, example | base, NaOH, NaCl |
| common measure, concentration of H+ | pH |
| more H+, is..., pH= | acid, <7 |
| less H+ is...,pH= | basic, >7 |
| ionic compounds with cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-, example | salts, NaCl |
| salts are....(conduct electricity) | electrolytes |
| neutralization reaction forms-> | Water and salt |
| resist change in pH, example | buffers, carbonic acid |
| compounds that contain both C and H, example | organic, proteins, fats, carbohydrates |
| chemical substance without C, examples | inorganic; water, salts |
| amine group | -NH2 |
| carboxyl(acid) functional group | -COOH |
| hydroxyl functional group | -OH |
| Monomers of polysaccharides | simple sugars- long chains |
| monomers of triglycerides | 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol |
| monomers of proteins | amino acids bonded by peptide chains |
| monomers of DNA | phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base |
| small molecules combine to form larger molecules by removing water | dehydration synthesis |
| a large molecule is split by adding water | hydrolysis |
| contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen- supply energy | carbohydrates |
| examples of carbohydrates(sugars) | monosaccharides or simple sugars |
| contains C,H, O, but mostly C and H | lipids(fats) |
| functions of lipids | energy storage, hormones, membranes, insulation, vitamins, inflammation |
| examples of lipids | trigylcerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids |
| triglycerides formed by | dehydration synthesis |
| composed of C,H,O,N and often S | proteins |
| building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| amino acid structure | amino acid group (NH4), one carboxyl group, R group, H atom |
| amino acids bonded by | peptide chains |
| how man amino acids are there? | 20 |
| composed of C,O, H,N, and P | nucleic acid |
| structural unit of nucleic acid | nucleotide |
| nucleotide composed of | N-containing base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group |
| simple nucleotide | ATP, AMP |
| chains of nucleotides | DNA, RNA |
| glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, robose are examples of | monosaccharides |
| examples of disaccharides | maltose, lactose |
| glycogen is an example of | polysaccharide |
| examples of lipids with fatty acids | triglycerides, phospholipids |
| cholesterol is an example of | steroid |
| examples of nucleotide molecules | ATP, AMP, DNA, RNA |
| fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms- solid at room temperature | saturated |
| fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms- liquid at room temperature | unsaturated |
| levels of protein structures | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| amino acid sequence (is where in structural level) | primary |
| alpha helices or beta pleated sheets (is where in structural level of proteins) | secondary |
| 3-D, functional shape of the molecule, maintained by H bonds (level of protein) | tertiary |
| polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner (level of proteins) | quaternary |
| reversible unfolding of proteins due to crops in pH or/and increased temperature | protein denaturation |
| irreversibly denatured protiens cannot refold, and cannot allow______ | substrate to bind |
| enzymes are what type of proteins | globular |
| enzymes are ______to substrate and reaction | chemically specific |
| enzyme name usually ends in | -ase |
| functions of enzymes | lower activation energy, oritent substrates |
| anabolic AKA | synthesis |
| catabolic reactions AKA | decomposition |
| condensation is a _____reaction- get | condensation, water |
| one part of functional enzyme- may be ion of metal element | cofactor |
| cofactor derived from vitamin | coenzyme |
| a reactant on which an enzyme acts | substrate |
| enzyme bonds with substrate to form | enzyme-substrate complex |
| source of immediately usable energy | ATP |
| adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups | ATP |
| factors influencing chemical reactions | particle size(small, faster), temperature, concentration, enzymes |
| 2 important coenzymes of oxidative pathways | NAD+, FAD |
| 3 metabolic pathways of cellular respiration | glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC |
| glycolysis occurs in, makes how many net ATP | cytoplasm, 2 |
| (GLY) 1. glucose changed into | pyruvic acid |
| (GLY) 1. As glucose is changed, NAD+ is reduced to AND ATP is synthesized by | NADH2, substrate-level phosphorylation |
| (GLY) 2. produces ___ATP, pyruvic acid moves to _____ and reduced to _____ | 4, Krebs cycle, lactic acid |
| (GLY) 2. NADH2 carries energy to | ETC |
Created by:
rubytuesday
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