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Ch16 Earth and Space
Definitions from Earth and Space Science BJU Press Ch 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| elevation | height above sea level |
| actual height | height above its base |
| relief | elevation differences |
| mountain range | series of mountain peaks |
| mountain system | a group of mountain ranges |
| despositional mountain | accumiltaion of rocks on the earths surface |
| erosional mountain, residual mountain | mountains carved out by exstensive erosion |
| fold mountain | folding of rock that have formed mountains |
| anticline | arch of rock layers |
| syncline | trough or downward fold or rock strata |
| monocline | a bend in rock strata that are otherwise uniformly dipping or horizontal. |
| dome | (of stratified rock or a surface) become rounded in formation; swell. |
| basin | is the opposite of a dome |
| overthrust | the thrust of one series of rock strata over another, especially along a fault line at a shallow angle to the horizontal |
| normal fault | A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension. |
| reverse fault | Reverse faults are exactly the opposite of normal faults. If the hanging wall rises relative to the footwall, you have a reverse fault. Reverse faults occur in areas undergoing compression (squishing) |
| thrust fault | almost the same as an reverse fault |
| strike-slip fault | a fault in which rock strata are displaced mainly in a horizontal direction, parallel to the line of the fault. |
| fault block mountain | mountain that has one or more normal faults |
| orogeny | An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between tectonic plates |
| geosyncline theory | Geosyncline, linear trough of subsidence of the Earth's crust within which vast amounts of sediment accumulate. The filling of a geosyncline with thousands or tens of thousands of feet of sediment is accompanied in the late stages of deposition by folding |
| continental drift theory | The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism (though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes). The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory |
| sea-floor spreading | the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side. |
| tectonic plates | the two sub-layers of the earth's crust (lithosphere) that move, float, and sometimes fracture and whose interaction causes continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and oceanic trenche |
| island arc | An island arc is a type of archipelago, often composed of a chain of volcanoes, with arc-shaped alignment, situated parallel and close to a boundary between two converging tectonic plates. |
| subduction | Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle |
| plate tectonics | a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle. |
| runaway subduction | Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle. ... That is, the subducted lithosphere is always oceanic while the o |
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