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Apologia Human Body
Module 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory receptor | An organ which responds to a specific type of stimulus by ultimately triggering an action potential on a sensory neuron |
| Somatic receptors | Sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons |
| Visceral receptors | Sensory receptors in the internal organs |
| Special receptors | Sensory receptors in specific locations |
| Mechanoreceptors | Sensory receptors which respond to movement |
| Thermoreceptors | Sensory receptors which respond to heat or cold |
| Photoreceptors | Sensory receptors which respond to light |
| Chemoreceptors | Sensory receptors which respond to chemicals |
| Nociceptors | Sensory receptors which respond to pain or excess stimulation |
| Cutaneous receptors | Receptors in the skin |
| Proprioceptors | Receptors in the muscles and tendons |
| lens | bends light to focus it on the retina |
| sclera | maintains the shape of the eye, protects the inner components of the eye, provides a point of attachment for the muscles that move the eye |
| vitreous humor | gives the general shape to the eyeball by inflating it |
| optic nerve | carries action potentials to the brain |
| retina | contains the light receptors that detect light |
| choroid | supplies the eye's tissues with oxygen and nutrients |
| conjunctiva | protects and lubricates the eye |
| posterior chamber | holds the aqueous humor |
| anterior chamber | holds the aqueous humor |
| cornea | covers the eye and bends light for focusing |
| Merkel's disks | receptors for light touch |
| pupil | allows light to enter the eye |
| iris | controls the size of the pupil |
| suspensory ligaments | connects the ciliary body to the lens |
| ciliary body | contains the ciliary muscle which changes the shape of the lens |
| The cell body of a neuron rests in the spinal cord, and the axon travels all the way to the effector it controls. This is a(n) ________________________ neuron. | somatic motor |
| ___________________ neurons all have a synapse at an autonomic ganglion in between the spinal cord and the effector. | Autonomic |
| In the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron is ____________ and the postganglionic neuron is ____________. | short, long |
| In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, the preganglionic neuron is ___________ and the postganglionic neuron is _____________. | long, short |
| The sympathetic division neurons can be found ______________, but the parasympathetic nerves can be found __________________. | all over the body; only in the head and trunk |
| In the sympathetic division, the autonomic ganglia are close to the __________________, while in the parasympathetic division they are close to the ________________. | spinal cord; effector |
| Hair follicle receptors | detect the movement of hair |
| Pacinian corpuscle | pressure receptors |
| Meissner's corpuscles | two-point discrimination |
| Ruffini's organ | pressure and stretch receptors |
| Which proprioceptors detect the extent to which a muscle is relaxed? | muscle spindle |
| Which proprioceptors detect the extent to which a muscle is contracted? | Golgi tendon organs |
| To smell a substance, it must: a) be volatile to get airborne, b) rise to the _______________ recess to get to the olfactory epitheleum, c) get through the mucous membrane by being somewhat water and lipid _____________, and bind to a ___________________ | olfactory, soluble, receptor |
| These are found on the tongue | circumvallate papillae, filiform papillae, foliate papillae, fungiform papillae |
| These contain taste buds | circumvallate papillae, foliate papillae, fungiform papillae |
| Why do you need to hit every section of taste buds to fully taste a substance? | Need to excite all of the taste buds for the different kinds of tastes (sour, salty, bitter, and sweet) |
| These are involved in a sense of static equilibrium | altricular macula, vestibule, saccular macula, otoliths, gelatinous matrix, kinocilium, stereocilia, hair cell, support cell |
| These are involved in the sense of dynamic equilibrium | ampullae, cupula, hair cell, crista ampullaris |
| When a sound wave hits your ear, this is the first structure to vibrate | tympanic membrane |
| When a sound wave hits your ear, this is the last structure to vibrate | tectorial membrane |
| Cells responsible for the detection of light color | cones |
| Cells responsible for the detection of low levels of light | rods |
| Where are the cones concentrated in the retina? | fovea centralis |
| Process of the lens changing shape to adjust the eye's focus at different distances | accomodation |
| free nerve endings | receptors for heat, cold, movement, itch, and pain |
| Merkel's disks | light touch receptors |
| hair follicle receptors | detect the movement of hair |
| Pacinian corpuscle | pressure and vibration receptors |
| Meissner's corpuscles | two-point discrimination |
| Ruffini's organ | pressure and stretch receptors |
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