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chapter 11
cell structure and function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell theory | states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells |
| macromolecule | form by joining many small molecules together |
| nucleic acid | macromolecules that form when long chains of molecules called nucleotides join together |
| protein | long chains of amino acid molecules |
| lipid | large macromolecule that doesn't dissolve in water |
| carbohydrate | one sugar molecule, two sugar molecules, or a long chain of sugar molecules |
| cell membrane | flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell |
| cell wall | stiff structure outside the cell membrane |
| cytoplasm | fluid inside a cell that contains salt and other molecules |
| cytoskeleton | network of threadlike proteins that are joined together |
| organelle | have specialized functions, and are surrounded by membranes |
| nucleus | part of a eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities and contains genetic information stored in DNA |
| chloroplast | membrane-bound organelle that use light energy and make food- a sugar called glucose- from water and carbon dioxide in a process known as photosynthesis |
| passive transport | movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell's energy |
| diffusion | movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules only through a membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | when molecules pass through a cell's membrane using special proteins called transport proteins |
| active transport | movement of substances through a cell membrane only by using the cell's energy |
| endocytosis | the process during which a cell takes in a substance surrounding it with the cell membrane |
| exocytosis | process during which a cells vesicles release their contents outside the cell |
| cellular respiration | series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP |
| glycolysis | process done by which glucose a sugar is broken down into smaller molecules |
| fermentation | reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can use to obtain energy from foods when oxygen levels are low |
| photosynthesis | series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and CO2 into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen |
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booecam3836
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