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Exam #2
Biol 232
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the organization of cells to perform a similar function | Tissue |
| What are the four categories of tissues | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue |
| This covers the outside of the body | Epithelial tissue |
| Epithelial tissue lines what? | organs and cavities |
| What is the difference between stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissue? | Pseudo is a single layer of cells with varying lengths |
| 85% of what arise in epithelial tissue | all cancers |
| composed of cells whose origin or developmental lineage is unknown but possess certain specific molecular, cellular, and histological characteristics typical of epithelial cells | Carcinomas |
| This binds and supports other tissues and are loosely packed | Connective tissue |
| What are the three types of connective tissue fibers | collagenous, elastic, and reticular |
| These provide strength and flexibility | Collagenous fibers |
| These stretch and snap back to their original length | Elastic fibers |
| These join connective tissue to adjacent tissues | Reticular fibers |
| This binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place | Loose connective tissue |
| This is strong and flexible support material | Cartilage |
| These are found in tendons and ligaments | fibrous connective tissue |
| These attach muscles to bones | Tendons |
| These connect bones at joints | Ligaments |
| These store fat for insulation and fuel | Adipose tissue |
| This is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma (liquid matrix) | Blood |
| This forms the skeleton | Bone |
| These are 1% of all cancers that arise in bone or soft tissue | sarcomas |
| These are 7% of all cancers which arise in the lymphatic system | Lymphomas |
| This consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals | muscle tissue |
| Muscle tissue contains what for contraction | actin & myosin |
| Striated muscle responsible for voluntary movement | Skeletal |
| Muscle responsible for involuntary body activities | Smooth |
| Muscle responsible for contraction of the heart | Cardiac |
| This senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal | Nervous tissue |
| Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses | Neurons |
| These help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons | Glial cells |
| These are often tied in with muscular disorders (neuromuscular) | Gliomas |
| ALS, MS, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, MDD, and CWD are all issues associated with what ? | Gliomas |
| They use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation | regulator |
| They allow their internal conditions to vary with certain external changes | conformer |
| To moderate changes in the internal environment | Homeostasis |
| Fluctuations above or below a set point serve as what ? | a stimulus |
| A stimulus is detected by a _______ and trigger a ______ | sensor, response |
| This is where buildup of the end product shuts the system off | negative feedback |
| These occur but do not usually contribute to homeostasis | Positive feedback loops |
| the body temp of a ____________ varies with its environment | poikilotherm |
| Insulation, circ. adaptations, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, and adj. metabolic heat prod. help animals do what? | thermoregulate |
| what are two ways to adjust metabolic heat production ? | shivering & non-shivering thermogenesis |
| Thermoregulation is controlled by the what ? | hypothalamus |
| This triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms | hypothalamus |
| This is change to the set point for a biological thermostat | fever |
| Arterioles dilate (enlarge) so more blood enters skin capillaries and heat is lost | vasodilation |
| Sudorific glands secrete sweat which removes heat when water changes state | sweating |
| This means the hairs flatten | pilorelaxation |
| By opening up, the body becomes a larger surface area | stretching out |
| Arterioles get smaller to reduce blood going to skin: keeping core warm | Vasoconstriction |
| Rapid contraction and relaxing of skeletal muscles. Heat produced by respiration | Shivering |
| Hairs on skin stand up | Piloerection |
| Making yourself smaller so there's a smaller surface area | Curling up |
| What is the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time | metabolic rate |
| What is one way to measure metabolic rate? | determine the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced |
| What is the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at "normal" temp | basal |
| What is the metabolic rate of an ectoderm at rest at a specific temp | standard |
| What is the state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases | torpor |
| What is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity | hibernation |
| What is summer torpor which enables animals to survive long periods of high temps and scarce water supplies | Estivation |
| Which animals endure estivation ? | small mammals and birds |
| These animals have a body wall that is only two cells thick and encloses a gastrovascular cavity | Diploblastic (cnidarians) |
| which animals have open circulatory systems | arthropods and most molluscs |
| Which animals have closed circulatory systems | all vertebrates |
| ______ and _______ have circulatory fluid, set of tubes (blood vessels), and a muscular pump (heart) | open and closed systems |
| Within the coelom, this is a system of canals and specialized tube feet that function in locomotion and food gathering, plus resp. and excretion | water-vascular system |
| What has either ring canals or radial canals depending on the organism | water-vascular system |
| These are tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body and supply oxygen directly to body cells | tracheal system |
| This is when blood leaving the heart passes through 2 capillary beds before returning | single circulation |
| Bony fishes, rays, and sharks all have what | single circulation |
| This is when oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right & left sides of the heart | double circulation |
| This is when blood flows in the opp. direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets | countercurrent gas exchange |
| Which animals have 2 atria and 1 ventricle | amphibians & reptiles |
| Which animals have 2 atria and 2 ventricles with no mixing | mammals |
| Which animals have a ridge in their ventricle which helps to divert blood in the 'right' direction | amphibians |
| Which animals have a septum that is partially divided | reptiles |
| Which reptile has a complete septum that divides the ventricle | crocodile |
| These type of animals' blood is the same as interstitial fluid | invertebrates (hemolymphs) |
| Blood in the circulatory systems of vertebrates is a specialized ______________ | connective tissue |
| These are proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry | respiratory pigments |
| Arthopods and many molluscs have _________ w/copper as the oxygen-binding component (blue when w/O2) | hemocyanin |
| Most vertebrates and some invertebrates use ______________ contained with erythrocytes | hemoglobin |
| How many hemoglobin molecules can carry 4 molecules of O2 | only one |
| When CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2, this is called the what ? | Bohr shift |
| Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a common source of ________ in the red marrow of bones | stem cells |
| Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is low | erythropoietin (EPO) |
| This is the process of removing a pint of blood 10-14 days before a race, centrifuging it, returning the plasma, freezing RBC and re-injecting the blood to increase RBC | blood doping |
| What does blood doping do for racers | increase aerobic capacity and endurance |
| When was the first sign of drug use | 1904 |
| The critical exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid takes place _____ the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries | across |
| The goal of the __________ is to return fluid that leaks out in the capillary beds and also aids in body defense | lymphatic system |
| What are organs that filter lymph (fluid) and play an important role in the body's defense | lymph nodes |
| These are packed in more into muscles | Myoglobin |
| Myoglobin does what to meat | gives it its red color |
| The __________ not only prevent nitrogen from exchanging with the blood, but also prevents oxygen from equilibrating as well | pulmonary shunts |
| This regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water | Osmoregulation |
| These are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity | osmoconformers |
| These expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment | Osmoregulators |
| Most marine inverts, sea squirts, hagfish (only vert.), and cartiligenous fish are what | osmoconformers |
| Which animal maintains very high concentration of solutes and urea in body and does not have to drink water | sharks |
| Most marine verts, such as bony fish are what | osmoregulators |
| Which type of animals constantly take in water by osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment | freshwater |
| FW aquatic inverts in __________: dump all body water and survive in a dormant state | vernal ponds |
| What is the name of the state that vernal pond aquatic animals survive in ? | anhydrobiosis |
| 80-90% waste by fish is __________, the rest is __________ | ammonia, urea |
| Conversion to _______ is energetically expensive; saves water, less toxic | urea |
| ammonia stored 95% as ________ which is toxic: it raises blood pH, can substitute for K+ in trans. chains, and destabilizes proteins | NH4+ |
| Which animals cannot use NH4+ ? | fish out of water |
| This is more expensive than urea but most of the amount of water is saved | uric acid |
| This is pressure-filtering of body fluids | filtration |
| This is the process of reclaiming valuable solutes | reabsorption |
| This is the process of adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate | secretion |
| This is the process of removing the filtrate from the system | excretion |
| This is the network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings | protonephridium |
| These are components of a ___________: internal opening, collecting tubule, bladder, and external opening | metanephridium |
| This is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney that consists of a single long tubule and the glomerulus | nephron |
| What is the ball of capillaries called | glomerulus |
| This surrounds and receives filtrate from the glomerulus | Bowman's capsule |
| This increases water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Mutation in ADH production causes severe dehydration and results in what ? | diabetes insipidus |
| What are some examples of diuretics? | alcohol and coffee |
| ___________ is closely related to oxytocin. Males in some species have life-long attachment triggered by a release of this | Vasopressin |
| Males have a longer-than-normal gene segment for ________ which is correlated with monogamy practice | vasopressin |
| This secretes hormones and has slower but longer-acting responses | Endocrine system |
| This regulates reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior | endocrine system |
| This conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells (neurons) | nervous system |
| What chemical signals besides hormones and endocrine signals are secreted? | Neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and pheromones |
| These have ducts and secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities such as tear ducts and salivary glands | exocrine signals |
| These play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement | neurotransmitters |
| This is a class of hormones that originate from neurons in the brain and diffuse through the bloodstream | neurohormones |
| ADH, epinephrine (adrenaline), and drugs used for athletic cheating are all forms of what ? | neurohormones |
| These are chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species | pheromones |
| Hormones that pass easily through cell membranes are: | lipid-soluble |
| Hormones that do not pass easily through cell membranes are: | water-soluble |
| What hormones are lipid soluble? | steroids |
| What hormones are water-soluble? | polypeptides and amines |
| Solubility of a hormone correlates with the location of receptors where around target cells? | inside or on the surface of target cells |
| The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have what? | different receptors and signal transduction pathways |
| A __________________ inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus and regulates many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis | negative feedback loop |
| what two antagonistic hormones maintain glucose homeostasis | insulin and glucagon |
| This receives info from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system | Hypothalamus |
| What is attached to the hypothalamus and is composed of the posterior and anterior pituitary | pituitary gland |
| This stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus | posterior pituitary |
| This makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus | anterior pituitary |
| These stimulate metabolism and influence development & maturation | thyroid hormones |
| This causes excessive secretion of thyroid hormones, high body temp, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure | hyperthyroidism |
| This causes low secretion of thyroid hormones, weight gain, lethargy, and intolerance to cold | hypothyroidism |
| This is a form of hypothyroidism | goiters |
| What causes goiters? | iodine deficiency |
| These trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood, increases oxygen delivery to body cells, and direct blood towards heart, brain, and skeletal muscles | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine also direct blood away from what three body components? | skin, digestive system, and kidneys |
| what are the sex hormones that gonads, testes, and ovaries produce? | androgens, estrogens, and progestins |
| These are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors | water-soluble hormones |
| These diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound by transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells | lipid-soluble hormones |
| This controls metabolism in most critters, and metamorphosis in frogs (tail resorption) | Thyroxine |
| In simple hormone pathways, hormones are released from an __________ cell, travel through the _________, and interact w/ the receptor or a target cell to cause a __________ response | endocrine cell, bloodstream, physiological |
| Endocrine cells within the pancreas are called __________ | islets of Langerhans |
| Pancreas involves alpha cells that produce _____ and beta cells that produce _________ | glucagon, insulin |
| ADH is released where? | in the kidney tubules |
| Oxytocin is released where? | in the mammary glands and uterine muscles |
| This is released by the posterior pituitary gland and regulated by the nervous system | Oxytocin |
| This stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells | Oxytocin |
| This is released by the posterior pituitary gland and regulated by water/salt balance | ADH |
| This promotes retention of water by kidneys | ADH |
| This is involved with the anterior pituitary gland and regulated by hypothalamic hormones (posterior) | Growth hormone (GH) |
| This stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabolic functions | GH |
| What is a form of hyperthyroidism? | Graves' disease |
| These raise blood glucose level, increase metabolic activities, and constrict certain blood vessels | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| the epidermis is derived from what tissue layer? | ectoderm |
| the lining of the gastrointestinal tract is derived from what tissue layer? | endoderm |
| the inner linings of the body cavities are derived from what tissue layer? | mesoderm |
| These are ectotherms who experience fluctuations in temperature | poikilotherms |
| what animals are poikilotherms? | fish, reptiles, amphibians, and naked mole rats |
| These are endotherms who maintain a constant temp through internal or behavioral mechanisms | homeotherms |
| What animals are homeotherms? | turtles & snakes |
| These switch between being an endotherm or an ectotherm and endure hibernation | heterotherms |
| what animals are heterothermic? | humming birds, bats, and bears |
| What animals breathe by drawing water in through the anus and then expelling it? | sea cucumbers |
| This is responsible for digestion and substance circulation | gastrovascular cavity |
| What type of circulatory system do echinoderms have? | water-vascular system |
| What kind of circulatory system do insects have? | tracheal system |
| in double circulation, which side of the heart is oxygen poor? | right |
| in double circulation, which side of the heart is oxygen rich? | left |
| An amphibian uses simple ____ pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea | positive |
| Mammals ventilate their lungs by ______ pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs | negative |
| Which respiratory pigment is bright red when with oxygen and dark red/purple when without oxygen ? | Hemoglobin |
| Which respiratory pigment is blue when with oxygen and colorless when without oxygen? | hemocyanin |
| Which respiratory pigment is pink when with oxygen and colorless when without oxygen? | haemerythrin |
| Which respiratory pigment is green when with oxygen and red when without oxygen? | chlorocruorin |
| Molluscs such as lobsters and horseshoe crabs and some arthropods such as tarantulas and scorpions have which respiratory pigment? | hemocyanin |
| Marine inverts and only one marine annelid have which respiratory pigment? | haemerythrin |
| Nearly all annelids except one have which respiratory pigment? | chlorocruorin |
Created by:
tparker31
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