Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Immune 1

QuestionAnswer
Lymphoid Structures Bone marrow(Illiac sternum) Thymus gland Lymph nodes Spleen(composed of red&white pulp,filters the blood) Tonsils(Immune for Resp.) Appendix Peyer’s patches
Immune Cells Lymphocytes B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes
Lymphocytes B-lymphocytes(bone marrow) T-lymphocytes(thymus)
Types of Immunity Innate—nonspecific(Natural Immunity,present at birth) Acquired—specific(happens after you have been exposed to an antigen,immunizations,vaccines)
Acquired Immunity Active Acquired Immunity Passive Acquired Immunity
Active Acquired Immunity immunization Takes time to develop but long term
Passive Acquired Immunity immune globulins/gamma-globulins Immediate but short term(passed through placenta from mother)
Hypersensitivity Reactions Allergies(b-Lymphocytes) Anaphylaxis Cytotoxic (b-Lymphocytes) Immune Complex Mediated (b-Lymphocytes) Delayed Hypersensitivity (t-lymphocytes)
Allergic Reactions Sneezing,itchy eyes,runny/congested nose, swollen sinuses,coughing,wheezing Common allergens include the waste products from dust mites,proteins found in pet dander,saliva and urine, molds in&out of your home,tree,grass&weed pollen,&roach droppings
Other possible substances that can cause allergic reactions include, venom from insect stings, certain foods, food additives, natural rubber latex, or drugs.
Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactic Shock Occurs suddenly Check and maintain airway – can go from mild SOB to full blown stridor Recognize s/s quickly – Rash? Swelling? Itching on chest, throat?
Cytotoxic or Cytolytic Reactions Blood transfusion reactions ABO incompatibilities Rh incompatibilities
Clinical manifestations of cytotoxic reactions; Hematuria Acute renal failure Bleeding
Immune Complex Mediated Reactions Autoimmune disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE) Plasmapheresis
Autoimmunity; Theories of causation Genetic susceptibility Initiation of autoreactivity
Delayed Hypersensitivity Cell mediated immune response Contact dermatitis Hypersensitivity reactions to bacterial, fungal and viral infections Transplant rejections SOME drug sensitivities
Factors Affecting Immune Response Age Metabolism Emotional stress Hormones Environment/lifestyle Nutrition
Diagnostic Studies CBC w/WBC diff Skin tests RAST(radioallergosorbent test)blood test. RAST can be performed when a skintest(the more common allergy test)cannot be done due to a skin problem.Both are highly specific,but a skintest is less expensive&produces imediate resu
Review lab and diagnostic tests for acute injury/inflammation Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) C-reactive protein (CRP) WBC Differential
WBC… what’s the diff? Neutrophils 50-75%,Basophils 0-2%,Eosinophils 0-6%,Monocytes 1- 10%,Lymphocytes 20-50%,All are decreased in viral infections
Neutrophils 50-75% Increased in infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, tumor
Basophils 0-2% Increase is rare – happens with allergies
Eosinophils 0-6% Increase with allergies & parasites
Monocytes 1- 10% Increase with acute & chronic infection
Lymphocytes 20-50% Decrease in overwhelming illness, Increase with acute & chronic infection
Inflammation When damage to tissue occurs, the body's immunologic response to the damage is inflammation.
Purpose of Inflammation Isolate, neutralize and remove cause Clear debris Initiate healing and repair
Inflammatory response Movement of blood/fluid into injured area promotes healing Problem when edema impedes tissue perfusion Anti-inflammatory medications
Assessment of the client with an acute injury/inflammation Redness Heat Pain Swelling Loss of function
Infection A disease caused by an invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms
Basic Infection Local Systemic
Systemic Infection Bacteremia Sepsis
Chain of events… Virulence Mode of Transmission Access to host Direct contact Inhalation Ingestion - Gastrointestinal system
Mode of Transmission Direct or indirect contact Airborne droplets (TB) Vector (Lyme disease)
Access to host Inhalation Ingestion Direct contact Penetration
Direct contact Some pathogens can live on hard surface Bedrails Tables Person to person contact Sexually transmitted diseases Maternal to child transmission during childbirth Herpes HIV Skin breaks - burns, bites, surgery
Inhalation - Respiratory tract Cilia remove microorganisms from lungs Coughing removes microorganisms from lower respiratory tract Enzymes & alveolar macrophages destroy most respiratory pathogens Smoking interferes with action
Ingestion - Gastrointestinal system Contaminated food, water is most common vector Low gastric pH, enzymes, peristalsis & intestinal flora protect normally GI tract Medications that decrease gastric acid increase risk of infections
Assessment Infection Vital to check the vital signs when infection is suspected! Temp, pulse, and respirations may all increase Mild fever is good defense system If very young/old or immune system is compromised, need to treat STAT!
Factors that Increase Susceptibility to Infection Age Nutrition Medication Radiation Burns Trauma Surgery Stress Cancer Chronic illness
Antibiotics Bactericidal: kill bacteria Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria, rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead to bacterial death
Selection of Antibiotics Identification of the Infecting Organism Determination of Drug Susceptibility Gram stain + or - allows best choice of initial therapy Culture - identification of the actual organism Sensitivity - what drug will BEST kill the organism
Clients with Communicable Disease – Isolation Precautions Standard Precautions Airborne Precautions Droplet Precautions Contact Precautions
Viral Infections Competent immune system: Best response to viral infections A well-functioning immune system will eliminate or effectively destroy virus replication
Viral Infections Immunocompromised patients have frequent viral infections Cancer patients, especially leukemia or lymphoma Transplant patients, due to pharmacologic therapy AIDS patients, disease attacks immune system
Created by: LauraHall
Popular Nursing sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards