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Earthquakes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| [*] means a VIP question, by my standards... | |
| *What is stress on rocks? | Stress is a force that acts on rock to change it's shape or volume |
| What causes stress on rocks? | Tectonic plates |
| What does stress cause the rocks to do? | Become brittle, snap, bend slowly, and etc. |
| What are the three types of stress? | Tension, compression, and shearing |
| *What is tension? | Tension pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| *What is compression? | Compression squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| *What is shearing? | Shearing pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions. Shearing can cause rock to break and slip apart or change it's shape |
| What happens when stress builds up? | The rock breaks creating a fault |
| *What is a fault? | A break in the rock where Rock surfaces slip past each other |
| What movements occur at a fault? | The rocks on both sides of a fault can move up, down, or sideways |
| Where do most faults occur? | Along the plate boundaries |
| What are the three main types of faults? | Normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults |
| What stress causes a normal fault? | Tension in Earth's crust pull apart creating a normal fault |
| Which direction do the hanging wall and the footwall go in a normal fault? | The hanging wall slips downward and the footwall goes up |
| What stress causes a reverse fault? | Compression causes reverse faults to form |
| Which direction do the hanging wall and the footwall go in a reverse fault? | The hanging wall moves upward in the footwall moves downwards |
| What stress causes strike slip faults? | Shearing creates strike-slip faults |
| What occurs at strike-slip faults? | Is a strike slip fault tectonic plates move past each other. The rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little up-and-down motion. It forms at a transform boundary |
| *What causes earthquakes? | The forces of plate movements |
| What can happen when rock is stressed by compression? | It can either Bend without breaking or bend and then break |
| *what are folds in Earth's crust? | Folds are Ben's in rock that form when compression shortens and thickens part of Earth's crust |
| What two words are used to describe the folds in Rock? | Anticline and syncline |
| What is an anticline? | When The Rock bends upward into an arch |
| What is a syncline? | When did Rock bends downward to form a valley |
| *How do fault block mountains form? | When two normal faults cut through a block of rock. As the hanging wall of each normal fault slips downward, the Block in between moves upward, forming a fault block mountain |
| How are some plateaus formed? | When forces in Earth's crust push up a large flat block of Rock |
| What are p waves? | P waves otherwise known as primary waves compress and expand. They are the first waves to arrive |
| What can p waves move through? | Solids and liquids |
| What are S waves? | S waves otherwise known as secondary waves are seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down. These waves shake the ground back and forth |
| What can S waves move through? | Only solids |
| How are surface waves created? | When is some P & S waves reach the surface |
| What is the speed of surface waves compared to P & S waves? | Surface waves move more slowly than P & S waves |
| How does the ground move when surface waves occur? | The ground moves a severely and can even roll like ocean waves |
| *what/where is the focus? | The area beneath earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake |
| *what/where is the epicenter? | The point on the surface directly above the focus |
| How do scientist tell how far the epicenter is from the seismograph? | Scientist measure the difference between the arrival times of the s waves and the p waves Ex: arrival time of s waves - arrival time of p waves = how far the epicenter is from the seismograph station |
| How do scientists find the location of the epicenter? | Using data, geologist draw three different circles around seismograph stations. The radius of each circle is the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter. The point where the three circles intersect is the location of the epicenter |
| Which is faster, p waves or S waves? | P waves are faster. We know this because they arrive first |
| How does the Mercalli scale rate earthquakes? How high does this scale go? | According to the level of damage at a given place. This scale goes up to 12 |
| *what is an earthquake's magnitude on the Richter scale and on the Moment Magnitude Scale? | Richter: A number that geologist assign to an earthquake based on the earthquakes size MM: A number based on the total energy released by an earthquake |
| How is an earthquake's magnitude determined? | By measuring seismic waves and fault movement |
| How does the Richter scale rate earthquakes? | Director scale is a rating of an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of the earthquake to seismic waves |
| How are seismic waves measured? | By a seismograph |
| What are the benefits and disadvantages of rating an earthquake using the Richter scale? | The Richter Scale provides accurate measurements for small, nearby earthquakes. However, it doesn't work well for large or distant earthquakes |
| How does the moment magnitude scale rate earthquakes? | The moment magnitude scale is a rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake |
| What is the major benefit about the moment magnitude scale? | This scale can rate earthquakes of all sizes, near or far |
| How do scientist rate earthquakes on the moment magnitude scale? | First, geologist study data from seismographs. They look at what kind and how strong the seismic waves were. This data helps geologist infer how much movement occurred along the fault and the strength of the rocks that broke when the fault slipped |
| How does energy reach Earth surface? | Through seismic waves |
| How much energy does a moment magnitude 5 earthquake release compared to a moment magnitude 4 earthquake? | A moment magnitude 5 earthquake releases about 32 times as much energy as a magnitude 4 earthquake |
| What happened on December 26, 2004? | A massive earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia |
| What is evidence for an earthquake in Seattle during the 1700s? | 1.Bark from spruce forests under salt marsh deposits means that land dropped 2.Document in Japan about orphan tsunami January 1700 means there was big quake far away 3.Ghost forest trees died all the same time and weather means they killed by catastrophe |
| About how long does it take for a tsunami to travel across the Pacific Ocean from Seattle to Japan? | About 10 hours |
| How is the wavelength of a wave defined? | From crest to crest |
| EC: What is the legend of the Thunderbird? | It is a Native American tribe about a creature. When he comes out the ground and the water's Shake |
| Where does the Juan de Fuca plate subduct? | Under the North American Plate |
Created by:
ebab
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