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*Nerve Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nerve tissue | Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life |
| 3 Basic Functions 1) | Sensing changes with sensory receptors; internally and externally |
| 3 Basic Functions 2) | Integration (interpreting, remembering) of those changes in the internal & external environment |
| 3 Basic Functions 3) | Respond (reacting) to those changes/problem with effectors: by muscular contractions (smooth, cardiac & skeletal) and glandular secretions |
| Major Structures of the Nervous System | Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors |
| Nervous System Divisions | CNS, PNS |
| CNS consists of | Brain & Spinal Cord |
| PNS consists of | Cranial & spinal nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers; connects CNS to muscle, glands, and all sensory receptors |
| Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System | Somatic,Autonomic, Enteric |
| Somatic NS | Voluntary NS, SNS: Neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to the CNS and motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissues |
| Autonomic NS | Involuntary Nervous System, sensory neurons from visceral/gut organs to CNS: Motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands (starts an action potential)Sympathetic and Parasympathic |
| Divisions of the Autonomic NS | Sympathetic and Parasympathic |
| Enteric NS | Involuntary sensory and motor neurons control GI tract: Neurons function independently of ANS & CNS |
| Nerve Tissue/2 cell types | 1. Neurons - propogate action potential2. Neuroglial cells - provide structural and chemical/nutriant support for neurons |
| Neuron Structure | neurons composed of 3 cell parts; 1) cell body with 2 cellular extentions called processes 2) axon process 3) dendrite process |
| Neurons propagate action potentials = | Nerve Impulses |
| Nerve Impulses = | Flow of Ions (sodium and potassium) |
| Action Potention Flows.... | from the dendrite to the cell body to the axon and then to a 1) muscle 2)gland or 3) another neuron (dendrite) |
| Synapse | Space between axon and effector |
| Neuron facts | 1) Functional unit of nervous system2) Most do not divide/limited number/Die from Disease or Injury3) Have capacity to produce action potential |
| Neurons are made up of these two things | cell body & cell processes (dendrites and axons) |
| Nerve fiber | axon or dendrite(cellular process) |
| Tract | bundle of nerve fibers in central nervous system |
| Peripheral Nerve | bundle of nerve fibers in peripheral nervous system covered with connective tissue (myelin sheath) |
| Myelin Sheath | is a lipid(fat) forms the white matter of the brain and spinal cord |
| Functional Classification of Neurons | 1)Sensory/Afferent Neurons2) Motor/Efferent Neurons3) Interneurons/Association Neurons |
| Sensory/Afferent Neurons | ASCENDING! transport sensory information from skin, muscles, joints, sense organs & viscera to CNS |
| Motor/Efferent Neurons | DESCENDING!! send motor nerve impulses to muslces & Glands & other neurons |
| Interneurons/Association Neurons | MORE THAN ANY OTHER!! Connect sensory to motor neurons - 90% of neurons in the body |
| Neuroglial Cells 6 facts | 1) Do not produce action potentials2) half of the volume of the CNS3) Smaller cells than neurons4) 50 times more numerous5) Cells can divide6) rapid mitosis (division) in tumor formation (called gliomas) |
| Gray matter | nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of un-myelinated axons and neuroglia (gray color) |
| White matter | myelinated processes (white in color) inside or under the gray matter |
| cortex = | outer covering |
| 2 places gray matter found | 1) in the spinal cord: gray matter forms an H shaped inner core surrounded by white matter2) in the brain: a thin outer shell of gray matter covers the surface & is found in clusters called nuclei inside the CNS |
| Propagation of Action Potential | An action potential spreads (propagates) over the surface of the axon membrane |
| 2 phases of Action Potential | 1) Depolarizatin (influx) - Na(sodium) flows into the neuron2)Repolarization (removal)- K+(potassium) leaves the neuron |
| What happens when the action potential reaches the end of the neuron? | A neurotransmitter is released (from axon bulb) |
| The traveling Action Potential is called | Nerve Impulse/AP |
| Pre-synaptic Neuron | the neuron delivering the neurotransmitter to the next neuron: Action potential reaches the end bulb and Ca channels open. Ca(Calcium) flows inward triggering the release of neurotransmitter. |
| Post-synaptic Neuron | Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft & binding to receptors on another neuron (more neurotransmitter released = greater effect)One way information transfer! |
Created by:
Shyanne
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