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Bio 160
"Dr. Gober" Bio 160, Ch 1- 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the active tissue found in bone? | Cartilage, Blood, Nervous Tissue |
| What is the shaft of the long bone? | Diaphysis |
| What part of the bone do tendons and liagments attach to? | Periosteum |
| Bone that consists mainly of tightly packed tissue is called_____ | compact bone |
| bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates by irregualr spaces is called____ | spongy bone |
| The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with | marrow |
| Bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called____ | intramembranous |
| an example of a sesmoid bone is _____ | patella |
| bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called | endochondral bones |
| The band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in the long bone is called the ________ | epiphyseal plate |
| the cells that form new bone are ________; the cells the break down bone are ______________ | osteocytes, osetoclasts |
| once bone formation is complete, the bone _________throughout life | is remodeled |
| when a bone is fractured, a hematoma is formed by blood escaping from | the periosteum and blood vessesl within the bone |
| What are the major factors that influence bone growth and development | nutrution, hormonal secertions, physical exercise |
| The gap between broken ends of a fractured bone is filled by a ____ | cartilaginous callus |
| To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as ____ | levers |
| What bones contain red marrow for blood cell formation in a healthy adult | pelvis, ribs |
| what substances are found in blood? | Potassiumm, calcium, magnesium |
| Calcium is important in___ | muscle contraction and nerve impluse conduction |
| What are the 4 major parts of the Axial skeleton | skull, hyoid bone, vertbral column, thoracic cage |
| what are the 4 major parts of the appendicular skeleton | pectoral girdle, upper legs, pelvic gridle, lower limbs |
| The parts of the spinal column in which the vertebrae are fused____ | sacrum and coccyx |
| The only movable bone of the skull is the ___ | mandible |
| The bone that forms the back of the skull and joins the skull along the lambdoid strucure is the ______ | occipital bone |
| The upper jaw is formed by the | Maxillary bones |
| The membranous areas (soft spots) of an infants skull are______ | fontanels |
| What part of the verebral column acts as a shock asborber | intervertebtral disks |
| the functions of the thoracic include? | Porduction of blood cells, contribution to breathing, protection of heart and lungs, support the shoulder girdle |
| which vertebrae support the most weight | lumbar |
| The true ribs articulate with the ______ and the ______ | thoracic vertebrae and sternum |
| The pectoral girdle is made of two _______ and two _______ | clavicles and scapulales |
| The _____ crosses over the ulna when the palm of the hand faces backward | radius |
| The wrist consists of | 5 metacarpal bones |
| When the hands are placed on the hips, they are over the ______ | iliac crest |
| the longest bone in the body is the_______ | femur |
| the lower end of the fibula can be felt as an ankle bone. The correct name is the_____ | Lateral malleolus |
| Synovial membrane is found in_____ | freely movable joints |
| The function of the bursae is to______ | facilitatte movement of tendons over bones |
| The type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is______ | ball and socket |
| Moving the parts at a joint so that the angle between then is increased is called______ | extension |
| The human body is composed of chemicals? | True |
| What is Matter? | anything that can take up space |
| What forms is matter in? | Solids, liquids and gases |
| The subatances that constitute all matter are called_____ | elements |
| What four elements are most plentiful in the human body? | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen |
| what is an atom made of? | nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons |
| Neutron | no electrical charge |
| proton | positive electrical charge |
| electron | negative electrical charge |
| The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of ________ | protons |
| When the atoms combine, they gain or lose _____ | electrons |
| The atomic weight of an element is determined by the number of _____ | protons and neutrons |
| An element is inactive if____ | the outer shell of its atom has its maxium # of electrons |
| An ion is? | an atom that is electrically charged |
| An ionic bond is created by | a positive and negative ion attracting each other |
| In forming a covalent bond, electrons are_____ | shared by two atoms |
| Water is formed by molecules of hydrogen and oxygen united by a _____ | polar bond |
| a compund is formed when atoms of ______ elements combine | different |
| C6H12O6 is an example of a | molecular formula |
| Two majors types of chemical reactions are called_____ and _____ | synthesis and decompostion |
| Know the symbol for reversible reaction | |
| An atom or molecule that affects the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction is called a ______ | catalysts |
| As electroyte that relaeases hydrogen ions in water is an | acid |
| Electrolyes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions are called _____ | bases |
| The pH measures concentration of_____ | Hydorgen ion |
| What is the pH of a nuetral solution? | 7 |
| An inorganic substance that relases ions when it reacts with water is water as a | electroytes |
| Examples of inorganic cells | water, oxygen |
| Examples of organic cells | carb, glucose, protien, fat |
| Carbohydrate molecules contains atoms of _______, ________ and _________ | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| Fat molecules contain _______ and _______ | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Fats are used in the body primarliy to store ______ | enegry |
| Fats, phospholipids and steroids are important _________ found in the human cell | lipids |
| An enzyme is a _______ that acts as a catalyst | protein |
| In addtion to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, proteins also contain atoms of ________ | nitrogen |
| What characteristic of protein determines its function? | conformation |
| The two types of nuclear acids are ______ and _____ | RNA and DNA |
| The function of nucleic acids is to______ | store information and control life process |
| Study of the human body first began with early humans because ______ | of their concern with illness and injury |
| What factors sets the stage for early knowledge of the human body? | the growing experience of medicine men as they treated the sick with herbs and potions |
| The development of modern science began with? | the belief that natural processes were caused by forces that could be understood |
| What languages form the basis of the language of anatomy and physiology? | Latin and greek |
| The branch of science that deals with the structure of the body is? | anatomy |
| The branch of science that studies how body parts function? | physiology |
| The function of a part is __________ related to its structure | always |
| what are the levels of orgnaization of the body in order of increasing complexity, beggining with the atom? | Atom, moleclue, cell, tissue, organ, organ system |
| The sum total of chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up is? | metabolism |
| Homeostasis means? | maintenacne of a stable enviroment |
| Receptors | provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment |
| Effectors | Cause responses which alter conditions in the internal evironment |
| Set point | a point which tells a particular value should be |
| The portion of the body that contains the head, neck and trunk is called the? | axis |
| The arms and legs are called the ? | appendicular portion |
| The major cavities of the axial portion of the body ______________ cavity and the ________ canal, and the ________ cavity and the ________. | cranial, vertebral, thoracic and abdominaopelvic. |
| The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity is the ? | diaphragm |
| The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are located in the ________ which sperates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. | mediastimum |
| The portion of the abdomen surround by the bones of the pelvis? | Pelvic cavity |
| The visceral and perietal pleural membranes secrete a serous fluid into a potential space called the? | Pleural cavity |
| The heart is covered by the _______ | Pericardial membranes |
| What position is standing erect or arms at side? | anatomical |
| Terms of relative position are used to describe the? | Location of one body part with respect to another |
| A sagittal section divides the body into | right and left portions |
| what is the function of the nervous system? | Intergration and Coordination |
| what is the function of the muscular system? | Support and movement |
| what is the function of the circulatory system? | processing and transporting |
| what is the function of the respiratory system? | processing and transporting |
| what is the function of the skeletal system? | support and movement |
| what is the function of the digestive system? | processing and transporting |
| what is the function of the lymphatic system? | processing and transporting |
| what is the function of the endocrine system? | integration and coordiation |
| what is the function of the urinary system? | processing and transporting |
| what is the function of the reproductive system? | reproduction |
| The cells of the human body vary in size and ___________; the function of various cells is made possible by this ____________________ | shpae, three dimensional forms |
| Cells that are thin, flat and tightly bound together usually have a ___________function | protective |
| The two major portions of the cell, each which is surrounded by a membrane, are the ______ and the ________. | cytoplam and nucleus |
| The cell membrane allows some substances to pass through it and excludes others. This is possible because the cell membrane is ____________ | selectively permeable |
| The cell memebrane is composed of a double layer of ? | Phospolipid moleclues |
| The inner layer if the cell membrane composed of the fatty acid portion of lipid molecules is impermeable to molecules that are soluble in _________ | water |
| The organelle that functions as a system of transport for materials from one part of the ctyoplasm to another is the ________ | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Ribosomes function in the synthesis of protein molecules? t/f | True |
| The Golgi apparatus is involved in the "packaging" of proteins for secretion to the _______ of the cell. | outside |
| The mitochondria function is the release of _____ to the cells. | enegry |
| The enzymes of the lysosome_____ | digest bacteria and damaged cells parts |
| Peroxisomes are abundant in the _____ and the _____ | liver and kidneys |
| Microfilaments are rods of protein involved in cellular______ | movement |
| Which of the following statements about the centerosome are true? | a. It is located near the nucleusb. The centrioles of the centerosome functionc.The centerosoem is concerned with the distribution of chromosomes.d.d. allAnswer---d. ALL |
| Cilia are found on the surface of? | epithelial cells |
| The structures that float in the nucleplasm of the nucleus are the ______ and the _______ | nucleolus and chromatin |
| The differance between active and passive mechanisms of movement through cell membranes is that active mechanisms require______ | cellular energy |
| The process by which nonsoluble material moves through the cell membrane by using a carrier molecule is called ___________________ | facilitated diffusion |
| The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from areas of low concentration of solute to areas of higher concentration is called? | osmosis |
| A hypertonic solution is one that _______ | contains a greater concentration of solute than the cell |
| The process by which molecules are forced through a membrane by pressure that is greater on one side than on the other side is called? | filteration |
| The process tha uses energy to move ions across a concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is called? | Active transport |
| The process by which cells engulf liquid molecules is called? | pinocytosis |
| A Process that allows cell to take in molecules pf solids is called? | phagocytosis |
| The process the ensures duplication of DNA molecules during cell reproduction is? | mitosis |
| Prohase | Chromatin forms chomosomes; nuclear envelope and nucleous break up and disperse |
| Metaphase | chomosomes become arranged midway between centrioles; duplicate parts od chromosomes become seperated |
| anaphase | microtubules shorten; chromosomes are pulled toward centrioles |
| telophase | chormosomes elongat; nuclear membranes form around each chormosome set |
| How many cells are in the human body? | 75 trillion |
| Do all cells look the same? | no, the vary in size and shape |
| What is the structure of the cell membrane? | lipids and proteins with fewer carbs |
| Which type of lipid makes up the majority of the cell membrane? | a bilayer of phospholipid |
| What is able to easily pass through the cell membrane? | Soluble lipids- oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What types of molecules are impermeable through the cell membrane? | water soluble molecules- amino acids, sugars, proteins, nuleic acids and various ions |
| What is diffusion? | the process by which molecules or ions scatter or spread spontaneously from regions where they are in higher concentrations towards regions wher they are lower. |
| What is it called when water molcules diffuse from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration? | Osmosis |
| Any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluid is what? | Isotonic |
| Solutions with a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is what? | Hypertonic |
| Solution which have lower osmotic pressure than body fluids is what? | Hypotonic |
| What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic soluiton? | they shrink |
| What happens if a cell is placed into hypotonic solution? | they swell |
| Here in the body does fileration occur? | in the kidneys |
| Cells in tissue are similar? t/f | True |
| The function of epithelial tissue is to? | cover body surfaces |
| what four types of tissue are found in the human body? | epithelial, conncetive, muscle, nervous |
| Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue are true? | a. epithelial tissue has no bloodb. epithelial cells reproduce slowlyc.epithelial cells are nourished by substance diffussing from connective tissued. injuries to epithelial tissue heal rapidly as new cell replace damaged cells.Answer: a, c, d |
| simple sqaumous epitelium | air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries |
| simple cuboidal epitelium | linimg of the ducts of the salivary glands |
| simple columnar epitelium | lining of the digestive tract |
| pseudostratified columnar epitelium | lining of the respiratoy passages |
| startified squamous epitelium | epidermis of the skin |
| The inner lining of the urinary bladder and the passageways of the urninary tract are composed of_____________________ | transitional epitelium |
| A merocrine gland that secretes its product by__________ | exocytosis |
| The function of the connective tissue is: | support, porctection and stores fat |
| Fibroblasts and mast cells found in connective tissue are ___________ cells | fixed |
| The connective tissue cells that produce fibers are? | fibroblasts |
| The major structural protein of the body and of white connective tissue is? | collagen |
| Yellow connective tissue that can be stretched and returned to its shape is? | elastic |
| The most common clels of loose connective tissues are? | Fibroblasts |
| What is adipose tissue and what is the function? | A specialized from of loose connective tissue, it occurs around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs and around various joints, it serves as a conserver of body heat and it serves as a storehouse of energy for the body |
| The cartilage found in the tip of the nose is ? | Hyaline cartilage |
| The type of cartilage in the intervertebral discs is? | fiborcartilage |
| Because of the nature of its blood supply, injured cartilage heals____________ | slowly |
| The most rigid connective tissue is? | Bone |
| The intercellular material of vascular tissue is ? | Plasma |
| The three types of muscle tissue are? | skeletal, smooth and cardiac |
| Coordiation and regualtion of body functions is the function of the _____________ | nervous tissue |
| What are the 4 types of membranes? | Serous,mucous,cutaneous, synovial |
| Serous membranes are located where? | in the body cavities that are completely closed to the outside of the body |
| mucous membranes are located where? | in the lining of the cavities and tubes that have openings to the outside of the body |
| The outer layer of skin is called? | epidermis |
| The inner layer of skin is called? | dermis |
| The masses of connective tissue beneath the inner layer of skin are called? | subcutaneous |
| The outermost layer of the epidermis is? | stratum corneum |
| The pigment that helps protect the deeper layers of the epidermis is? | Melanin |
| Light-complected, fair haired people have __________ numbers of melanocytes than/as dark complected drak-haired people. | equal |
| Blood vessels supplying the skin are located in the ___________ | dermis |
| The subcutaneous layer functions as a __________ | heat insulator |
| Smooth muscle cells that stand hairs on end in response to cold are know as? | arrector pili muscle |
| The glands ususally associated with hair follicles are? | sebaceous glands |
| Nails are produced by epidermal cells that undergo _____________ | keratinzation |
| Where are the eccrine sweat glands most numberous? | the forehead, neck and back |
| The mammary glands of the breast that produce milk are modified ___________ glands | sweat |
| An irregularly shaped lesion with varigated color that develops on sun exposed area is ___________ | melanomas |
| The sweat glands assoicated with regulation of body temperature are the __________ | eccrine glands |
| Which of the following organs produces the most heat? | muscles |
| Sponging the skin with water helps increase the loss of body heat by ________________ | evaporation |
| What are the signs of inflammation? | red, pain and swelling |
| Fibroblasts must migrate into a __________ cut to heal the skin defect. | deep |
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