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Bio Chapter 9
Term | Definition |
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Restriction enzyme | An enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA into fragments by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences and cutting the DNA at those sequences |
Gel electrophoresis | Method of separating various lengths of DNA strands by applying an electrical current to a gel |
Restriction map | Diagram that shows the lengths of fragments between restriction sites in the strand of DNA |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | Method for increasing the quantity of DNA by separating it into two strands and adding primers and enzymes |
DNA fingerprint | A pattern of DNA characteristics that is unique, or nearly so, to an individual organism |
clone | An organism, cell, or piece of genetic material that is genetically identical to one from which it was derived; to make a genetic duplicate |
Genetic engineering | A technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use |
Recombinant DNA | DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources |
Plasmid | A genetic structure that can replicate independently of the main chromosome(s) of a cell; usually, a circular DNA molecule in bacteria (prokaryotes) |
Transgenic | Organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species |
Gene knockout | Genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism's genes are prevented from being expressed |
Genomics | The study of entire genomes, especially by using technology to compare genes within and between species |
Gene sequencing | Process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes and genomes |
Human Genome Project | A research effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells |
Bioinformatics | The application of information technologies in biology, especially in genetics |
DNA microarray | research tool used to study gene expression |
Proteomics | Study and comparison of all the proteins produced by an organism's genome |
Genetic screening | Process of testing DNA to determine the chance a person has, or might pass on, a genetic disorder |
Gene therapy | A technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome |
Primer | A short, single-stranded fragment of DNA or RNA that is required for the initiation of DNA replication |