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Patho
Pathophysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal Calcium range | 8.5-11 |
| Normal Sodium range | 135-145 |
| Normal Potassium range | 3.5-5.0 |
| Normal Magnesium range | 1.5-2.5 |
| Normal Phosphate range | 2.7-5 |
| X-linkied Dominant genes | Retts syndrome |
| Cancer is... | uncontolled cell division, viability, invades healthy tissue |
| Autosomal Dominant genes | Huntingtons, Marfan, neurofibromatosis 1 |
| Intracellular Buffer for lungs | decrease carbonic acid by blowing off CO2 |
| Intracellular Buffer for kidneys | Reabsorbs Carbonic acid or regenerates new from CO2 and H2O |
| Normal pH | 7.35-7.45 Arterial 7.32-7.42 Venous |
| X-linked Recessive | Hemophilia, Duchennes, Color blindness, Muscular Dystrophy |
| Autosomal Recessive gene | Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Spinal muscular dystrophy |
| Aneuploidy | 45 or 47 chromosomes |
| Necrosis | irreversable cell injury/death described as Gangrenous |
| Lymphomas | lymph nodes system |
| Sex chromosome Aneuploidy | Trisomy X, Turner, Klinefelter |
| Tumor markers | PSA-prostate,CEA-colon,BRCA-breast,APC-colon,HTLV-leukemia,lymphoma,AFP-testicular |
| Atrophy | decrease in size,shrinkage |
| Polyploidy | 3-4 times the amount of chromosomes, incompatible with survival |
| T N M system | T= tumor N= lymph nodes affected M= metastisis |
| Dysplasia | abnormal size,shape or organization- most commonly in cervix |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size |
| Sarcomas | connective tissues |
| Anoxia | total deprivation of O2-suffication,strangulation,drowning, chemical |
| Hyperplasia | increase in number of cells |
| Leukemia | Blood forming cells,bone marrow |
| Naming cancer | Oma= Benign Malignant= from stating tissue |
| Non-disjunction | failure of homologus pair to seperate during meiosis/mitosis |
| Autosomal aneuploidy | Trisomy 21- down syndrome |
| Non-carcinogenic causes of cancer | Virus= HBV,HCV,EBV,HPV,HTLV1 Bacteria= H.Pylori Chronic inflammation= immune respose |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death= cell suicide |
| teratocarcinomas | germ cells |
| Hypotonic | more dilute, less concentrated = cells shrink |
| Hypoxic | Deprivation of O2 |
| Carcinomas | epithelial tissue ex.= Squamous cell, Adenocarcinoma |
| Carcinoma in Situ | confined malignant cells, no penetration of basement membrane |
| causes of Edema | 1)increase cap. hydrostatic pressure 2)decrease plasma oncotic pressure 3)increase cap. permeability 4) lymphatic obstruction |
| Manifestations of cancer | pain, fatigue, muscle weakness, cachexia, anemia, infection |
| Hypertonic | less dilute,more concentrated, cells swell |
| ABG analysis | if high CO2,low pH= R. acidosis if low CO2, high pH= R.alkalosis normal CO2= pH accordingly |
| Spread of cancer | Vascular and lymphatic pathways |
| EKG changes in Kalemias | Hypo= shallow THyper= tall T |
Created by:
Rici
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