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Bioterrorism
Nursing Level IV Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Bio-terrorism | Intentional release of an infectious agent for the purpose of causing harm to a large number of people. |
| Name 3 roles of the nurse during a bio-terrorism attack | 1) Recognize early s/s. 2) Provide accurate information. 3) Be involved in the emergency management plan. |
| Anthrax scientific name | Bacillus Anthracis |
| Small pox scientific name | Variola Virus |
| Botulism scientific name | Clostridium botulinum |
| Plague scientific name | Yersinia pestis |
| Tularemia scientific name | Francisella tularensis |
| Hemorrhagic Fever scientific name | Ebola & Marburg |
| Bacillus Anthracis: type of precautions | Standard |
| How is Bacillus Anthracis trasmitted? | Inhaled, cutaneous (open wound), intestinal (consumed) |
| Is Bacillus Anthracis transmitted person to person? | Not transmitted person to person (unless it is contracted directly through contact with one persons open skin lesion to another persons open skin lesion). |
| Treatment for Bacillus Anthracis? | Yes, Antibiotic as well as an antitoxin. |
| Who receives the antitoxin for Bacillus Anthracis and what are the requirements? | High risk individuals (Military and people that are in contact with hoofed animals). Must be 18 y/o and NOT pregnant. |
| S/S of Bacillus Anthracis if contracted by inhalation? | (most deadly) SOB, fever, N/V, shock, respiratory failure, hemorrhage, lung tissue destruction |
| S/S of Bacillus Anthracis if contracted by cutaneous transmission? | Black depressed ulcer. |
| S/S of Bacillus Anthracis if contracted by ingestion (intestinal)? | Diarrhea and hematemisis (bloody vomit) |
| True or False: you are immune to Bacillus Anthracis if you survive the disease? | False. You are not immune. |
| What is the survival rate of a person infected with Bacillus Anthracis if they DO NOT receive treatment? | 10%-15% survival rate |
| What is the survival rate of a person infected with Bacillus Anthracis if early treatment with antibiotics IS received? | 55% survival rate |
| Variolla: type of precautions? | Droplet precautions --> highly transmittable |
| How is Variolla transmitted? | More commonly by direct contact with fluids. It is rarely inhaled. |
| Treatment for Variola? | Vaccine must be given within 3-5 days of exposure, otherwise, there is no treatment if rash (pustules) is already present. Supportive care. |
| Vaccination for Variola? Describe why or why not, and when? | Vaccine is available, very few have received it, because it's been eradicated. Must be given within 3-5 days post exposure for treatment. |
| Incubation period of Variola? | 1 week |
| Desribe the post-exposure treatment timing or Variola? | Vaccinated within 3-5 days of exposure is effective treatment. Vaccinated 4-7 days after exposure lessens the severity. Rash appears within 7 days --> no treatment. |
| What sign does the Variola virus present? | Pox: pustular vesicle lesions. |
| Where do Variola skin lesions appear, and what is unique about them? | Pox appear on the head and extremities, they are all in the same stage of development. |
| Symptoms of Variola? | Headache. Fever. Backache. Vomiting. |
| When is Variola contagious? | Most contagious during the rash. Continuously contagious until scabs fall off. |
| Clostridium botulinum: type of precautions? | Standard precautions |
| How is Clostridium botulinum transmitted? | Ingestion (home canned goods or honey ingested by infants). Air, Food, or Water --> It IS NOT transmitted person to person. |
| What is Clostridium botulinum? | Neurotoxin producing bacteria |
| Symptoms of Clostridium botulinum. | Paralyzes muscles, respiratory failure (requires ventilation for weeks to months). |
| Treatment for Clostridium botulinum? | Antitoxin, mechanical ventilation, supportive care. |
| Vaccination for Clostridium botulinum? | No vaccine. |
| S/S of Clostridium botulinum. | Drooping eyelids, weakness in trunk and limbs, difficulty speaking, seeing, swallowing. Paralysis --> Respiratory Failure. |
| Clostridium botulinum is often confused with what other syndrom? | Guillian-barre syndrome: a disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system. |
| Yersinia pestis: type of precautions? | Droplet precautions. Exposed persons are contageous within 1-6 days after exposure. |
| How is Yersinia pestis transmitted? | Bacterium found on rodents and their fleas are responsible for spreading the bubonic plague. It can also be inhaled by aerosol, as well as being spread person to person. |
| Treatment for Yersinia pestis? | Early antibiotics (within 24 hour of exposure) |
| Vaccination for Yersinia pestis? | No vaccine. |
| S/S of Yersinia pestis? | A bubo (a sore caused by the bacteria) and extreme lymph node pain and swelling. |
| Types (2) of Bubonic Plague? | Pneumonic (Rapid death 2-4-days --> Respiratory failure, shock, chest pain, bloody/water sputum). Septicemic (Most deadly). |
| Francisella tularensis: type of precautions? | Standard precautions. |
| What is Francisella tularensis also known as? | Rabbit fever. Bacteria has been found on rodents, rabbits, and hares. |
| How is Francisella tularensis transmitted? | Ticks and deer-flies spread the disease to humans. Skin contact with infected animals. Ingestion of contaminated water. Inhaled aerosols/dust. It is NOT spread person to person. |
| Vaccine for Francisella tularensis? | No vaccine. |
| Treatment for Francisella tularensis? | Early antibiotics. |
| S/S of Francisella tularensis? | Flu-like symptoms, red swollen eyes, swollen painful lymph, pneumonia (hemorrhagic inflammation of the respiratory airway). |
| Name three hemorrhagic fevers | Ebola, Marburg, Lassa |
| Hemorrhagic fever: type of precautions? | Airborne |
| How is a hemorrhagic fever transmitted? | Humans are not natural hosts for these viruses. Rodents, mosquitos, tick, etc. spread it when contact with bodily fluids takes place. Person to Person contagious. |
| Treatment for hemorrhagic fever? | No vaccine, or cure. Treatment includes supportive care (fluids, electrolytes, management). |
| S/S of hemorrhagic fever? | Damaged vascular system --> homeostasis is impaired. N/V, fever, Headache, Shock, Fatigue/exhaustion, Dizziness, Muscle aches, Loss of strength. |
| What causes Acute Radiation Syndrome? | Mix of explosives & radio-active material |
| What is a "dirty bomb"? | Explodes radioactive powder or pellets, contaminating a public area. |
| Phase 1 of acute radiation syndrome? | Prodromal (N/V, diarrhea) last minutes to days. |
| Phase 2 of acute radiation syndrome? | Latent (Looks and feels healthy) lasts hours to weeks. |
| Phase 3 of acute radiation syndrome? | Illness (Bone marrow suppression, decreased RBC, WBC, platelets, with GI and CNS involvement) |
| Phase 4 of acute radiation syndrome? | Recovery (or death) lasts weeks to years. |
| Survival rate of Acute Radiation Syndrome without treatment? | 50% death rate. |
| Treatment for Acute Radiation Therapy? | Fluids, prevent infection, remove clothes, wash skin, debride wounds, give potassium iodine (KI). |
Created by:
Jnford15
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