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Princ. of Bio #3
Principles of Biology, from David H. Temme's class
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| actin filaments | rope-like structures composed of two intertwined polymers of the protein actin. Their location is concentrated just beneath, and often attached to, the plasma membrane where they become an important part of a eukaryotic cell's cytoskeleton. (pg.420) |
| myosin | a class of motor proteins where one part catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to "walk" along actin filaments and another part binds to something else. |
| microtubules | cylindriacal (tubular) structures composed of the protein tubulin. Due to their tubular nature they are stiff structures that form an important part of a eukaryotic cell's cytoskeleton. |
| endocytosis | invagination of the outer membrane to the point that materials outside the cell are brought into the cell enclosed in a membrane-bounded vesicle. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a highly convoluted membrane bounded cavity that surrounds the nuclear space in eukaryotic cells. |
| nucleus | a membrane bound compartment of a eukaryotic cell that contains DNA and is connected to the rest of the cytoplasm by nuclear pores. |
| kinetosome | a short cylindrical array of microtubules (plus their associated proteins) found at the base of eukaryotic flagella (or cilia). It serves as the nucleation site for the growth of a flagella's microtubule core (the axoneme). |
| (eukaryotic) chromosome | a linear (the 2 ends are not connected) 2-side DNA molecule that contains only a portion of a cell's genome. ( when the DNA that makes up a cell's genome is broken up into more than 1, 2-sided DNA molecules, and each linear molecule is called a chromosome |
| mitotic cell division | cell division where each daughter cell ends up with all the DNA present in the original cell (Ploidy level remains constant across cell division). |
| endosymbiont | symbiosis means living together, and endo- means inside, so endosymbiont is an organism that lives inside another organism (pg. 437). |
| mitochondrion | membrane -bounded organelle, about the size of bacteria and containing DNA and the machinery of protein synthesis, where the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place and is the site where most of the ATP production in eukaryotic cells occurs. |
| chloroplast | membrane-bounded organelle, ab the size of bacteria and containing DNA and the machinery of protein synthesis, where water-splitting photosynthesis-both light and dark phase (noncyclic photophosphorylation) and (Calvin-Benson cycle)-occurs in eukaryotic c |
| ploidy level | the number of complete genomes contained within a cell (pg. 452). |
| homologous chromosomes | two chromosomes that contain the same portion of a cell's genome (in sexual reproduction, a cell receives one chromosome of each homologous pair from its mom and the other from its dad). |
| meiotic cell division | a form of cell ivision where each daughter cell ends up with one-half the number of genomes found in the original cell (Ploidy level is reduced by one-half across cell division. Note that a haploid cell could not undergo meiotic cell divsion). |
| tetrad | an alignment of two homlogous chromosomes each in their duplicate form that occurs at the beginning (prophase I) of the first meiotic division. It is in this arrangement that recombination between homologous chromosomes can occur. |
| outcrossing population | a sexual population where individuals typically avoid mating with close relatives. |
| inbreeding depression | the increased chance of matings between close relatives producing offspring that die or suffer abnormalities. It is found in normally outcrossing populations. |
| interstitial space | the space in multicellular organisms that is inside the outer sheet of cells, but ouside any cells. |
| anchoring junctions | structures that hold adjacent cells together by hooking into each cell's cytoskeleton. They are the relatively strongest form of cell-cell connections. |
| extracellular matrix | regions of interstitial space consisting of a collagen framework filled in by an interconnected and highly hydrated gel-like structure (formed from the interaction between water molecules and proteoglycans). |
| fibroblasts | cells that specialize in secreting the collagen and proteoglycan components of extracellular matrix. |
| development | the regeneration of a multicellular form from a starting point that has fewer cells, fewer cell types, and a less complex arrangement. Development commonly starts with a single cell. pg. 496 |
| germ-line cells | the lineage of cells that throughout development retains the ability to serve as a starting cell for the next generation. In sexual organisms, germ-line cells from gametes. |
| somatic cells | those cell types that are formed anew in each multicellular generation through differentiation from germ-line cells. A coherently functioning multicellular organism is formed by the collective action of the various forms of somatic cells. |
| cell differentiation | process through which cells within the same developing multicellular organism become different from each other (muscle, liver, or nerve cells). The differences are generated by a unique pattern of turning on and off genes in a different cell lines. |
| pattern formation | the process by which the "right" cell types come to be in the "right" place to form a functional multicellular organism (e.g., muscle cells come to be where muscles need to be, etc.). |
| flagellation constraint | a cell that for some reason does not retain its flagella while undergoing cell division. As a consequence the cell can not "swim" and reproduce at the same time (pg. 551). |
| triploblastic organism | any organisms that has an outer cell layer(ectoderm), and inner cell layer surrounding the gut(endoderm), and a distinct third tissue layer, consisting largely of muscle cells and connective tissue, sandwiched in between (mesoderm).AKA: 3 layered organism |
| gene for a trait | a particular gene, or form of a gene, makes a difference in the development of a trait. Ex: the protein coded for by the gene in some way plays a causal role in the development of a certain trait(necessary but not sufficient, interactant in dev)pg. 584 |
| locus | the location of a particular gene. that is, what chromosome it is on, and where it is along that specific chromosome. |
| allele | one of the alternative forms of a gene found in a sexual population. |
| variable gene | any gene where more than one allele exists within a sexual population. |
| homozygous | the term used to indicate that a gene within a diploid individual (a gene pair) has two copies of the same allele. |
| heterozygous | the term used to indicate that a gene within a diploid individual (a gene pair) is filled with two different alleles. |
| additive interaction | when a heterozygous individual (all else being equal) develops a phenotype intermediate to those developed by individuals homozygous for either allele. |
| dominance-recessive interaction | when a heterozygous individual (all else being equal) develops the same phenotype as individuals homozygous for one of the two alleles. |
| sex chromosome | any chromosome that contains genetic information involved in determining an individual's sex. |
| transpiration | the diffusional movement of water molecules out of a plant's stomata (pg 618). |
| poikilothermic | organisms that do not always maintain body temperature at their thermal optimum. |
| homeothermic | organisms that maintain body temperature close to their thermal optimum despite environmental fluctuations in temperature. |
| hormone | any chemical signal that uses the circulatory system to travels between the mnonitor that released it and whatever effectors respond to it (pg 654). |
| neurotransmitter | any chemical signal released from the end of a nerve cell. |
Created by:
andrew222
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