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3-Matter
Classification of Matter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pure substance | a uniform substance made up of one type of particle, which can be either an element or a compound. |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Element | A pure substance that cannot be broken down by normal chemical or physical means. |
| Mixture | two or more substances that are combined physically but not chemically |
| Oxygen | Discovered by Swedish chemist Karl Scheele and English chemist Joseph Priestley. The most common element in Earth’s crust. |
| Allotropes | Different forms of the same element in the same physical state of matter. They contain only one type of atom but the way the atoms are arranged is different. |
| Compound | A pure substance made up of two or more elements joined in a defined ratio. |
| Tin | One of the first metals used by humans. It is a silvery white metal that is very malleable. |
| ternary compound | made up of three different elements |
| binary compound | made up of two different elements |
| Homogeneous mixture | A type of mixture that appears uniform throughout. The components are mixed evenly (like apple juice). |
| Dalton's Law | The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures of the gases in the mixture, with each gas acting independently. |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in the solution. |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances (solutes) are dissolved in another substance (solvent). |
| soluble | A substance that dissolves in another substance. |
| solvent | The substance that the solute is dissolved in. |
| Heterogeneous mixture | A type of mixture in which the components are not mixed evenly or uniformly distributed throughout. |
| nonpolar | A substance that does not dissolve |
| Physical property | a property of matter that can be observed without changing the substance into another substance |
| coalescence | The process in which small droplets recombine to form bigger ones. |
| solids | have a definite volume and a definite shape, the particles are locked into place |
| chemical property | determined by the ability of a substance to react with or change into another substance (such as toxicity, flammability or reactivity) |
| Amorphous solids | made up of atoms or molecules that are locked into place. The atoms or molecules do not organize into a specific form. |
| Crystalline solids | made up of atoms or molecules that are organized in specific repeating patterns. These regular, repeating patterns form crystals. |
| Viscosity | a property of liquids that describes the “thickness” of the material |
| Liquids | have a definite volume but no definite shape |
| Gases | Have no definite volume and no definite shape. |
| Surface tension | A property of liquids that describes the attraction of liquid molecules at the surface. |
| Molecular mass | the mass of one molecule of a substance |
| effusion | the movement of gas particles through a small hole in a container from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure (a balloon deflating over time) |
| Plasma | ionized gas. Some electrons in plasma atoms are free. This means they are not bound to an atom or a molecule |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Melting | a change in state from a solid to a liquid |
| Physical change | any change in a substance’s form that does not change its chemical makeup (tearing or cutting a piece of paper) |
| Freezing | a change in state from a liquid to a solid. |
| Melting point | the temperature at which a substance begins to change from a solid to a liquid |
| Vaporization | a change in state from a liquid to a gas. The two main types of vaporization are evaporation and boiling. |
| Freezing point | The temperature at which a liquid begins to form a solid. The substance will remain at that temperature until freezing is complete. |
| Boiling | A vaporization process in which a liquid changes to a gas both below the surface and at the surface of the liquid. |
| Evaporation | a vaporization process that occurs at the surface of a liquid |
| Condensation | a change of state from a gas to a liquid |
| Boiling point | the temperature at which a liquid begins to form a gas. |
| Sublimation | a change of state directly from a solid to a gas (does not pass through a liquid state) |
| Dew point | The temperature at which a gas begins to condense into a liquid. |
| Chemical change | a change that takes place when atoms of a substance are rearranged. |
| Deposition | a change of state directly from a gas to a solid |
| Law of conservation of energy | energy can change from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
| Thermal energy | the total energy of the particles in an object that responds to changes in temperature |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion, the faster an object is moving, the more kinetic energy it has |
| Mechanical energy | It is determined by the motion or position of an object. The sum of its kinetic and potential energy. |
| Exothermic change | a change that gives off energy, releasing energy to its surroundings (any burning reaction) |
| Potential energy | stored energy (a ball at the top of a hill) |
| Separation process | a process that divides a mixture into two or more different parts (using a magnet to separate iron or a screen to separate pebbles) |
| Endothermic change | a change that takes energy from its surroundings (the formation of nitrous oxide) |
| filtrate | The collected liquid |
| filtration | a way of separating a mixture based on differences in size between the particles that make up different parts of the mixture (filter paper) |
| Precipitate | the solid that forms from the solution |
| precipitation | a means of separating a component in a solution by reacting it with another substance to form a solid |
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rvotaw
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