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DevelPsych Chapter 1
Psych Week1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ageism | a form of discrimination against older adults based on their age |
| Life-span perspective | divides human development into two phases: early phase (child/adolescence) + later phase (adult and old age) |
| Multidirectionality | development involves both growth and decline; as people grow in one area, they may lose in another and at different rates |
| Plasticity | One's capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete, many skills can be learned or improved with practice even late in life |
| Historical context | Each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grew up. |
| Multiple causation | How we develop results from a wide variety of forces |
| Biological forces | all genetic and health related factors that affect development |
| Psychological forces | all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development |
| Sociocultural forces | interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development |
| Life-cycle forces | differences in how the same event or combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces affects people at different points in their lives. |
| Normative age-graded influences | experiences caused by biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that are highly correlated with chronological age. |
| Normative history-graded influences | events that most people in a specific culture experience at the same time |
| Non-normative influences | random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people |
| Primary aging | disease-free development during adulthood |
| Secondary aging | developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable |
| Tertiary aging | the rapid losses that occur shortly before death |
| Reliability | the extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of the behaviour or topic of interest |
| Validity | extent to which a measure measures what it's what researcher's think it measures |
| Systematic observation | watching people and carefully recording what they say and do |
| Self reports | people's answers to questions about the topics of interest |
| Experiment | manipulating a key factor that the researcher believes is responsible for a particular behaviour and randomly assigning participants to the control and experimental groups |
| Independent variable | variables manipulated by the experimenter |
| Dependent variable | behaviour or outcome that is measured |
| Correlational study | researcher measures two variable, then sees how they are related |
| Case study | study of a single individual in great detail |
| Age effects | differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation which one belongs |
| Time-of-measurement effects | differences stemming from sociocultural, environmental, historical or other events at the time the data was obtained from the participants |
| Confounding | a situation in which one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behviours being observed. |
| Cross-sectional study | developmental differences ae identified by testing people of different ages at the same time. |
| Longitudinal study | same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives |
| Sequential design | different combinations of cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. |
| Apocalyptic demography | the idea that an aging population will create inevitable social chaos |