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Ch 2
Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Atoms | the smallest chemical units of matter |
| Element | a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary chemical means An element is composed of atoms |
| Electrons | negatively charged subatomic particles circling a nucleus |
| Neutrons | uncharged particles |
| Protons | positively charged particles |
| Nucleus | structure containing neutrons and protons |
| Atomic Number | equal to the number of protons in the nucleus It is also equal to the number of electrons And protons if it is not an isotope |
| Atomic Mass | sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons Electrons are have very little mass |
| Element | composed of a single type of atom |
| Compound | composed of atoms of different elements; two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds * All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds *H2O - Compound *N2- Molecule |
| Isotopes | Atoms of a given element can differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei - Stable isotopes - Unstable isotopes |
| Radioactive isotopes | Release energy during radioactive decay |
| Valence electrons | electrons in outermost shell that interact with other atoms; combining capacity of an atom pos - gives up electron neg - empty spaces stable - 8 in outer shell |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Chemical Bonds | atoms combine by sharing or transferring valence electrons |
| Electronegativity | attraction of atom for electrons * The more electronegative an atom, the greater the pull its nucleus exerts on electrons. |
| Covalent | share electrons to complete valence shell - Nonpolar covalent: equal sharing - Polar covalent: not equal sharing |
| Ionic | attraction between opposite charges; Gives up or accepts electrons; Atoms have either + (cation) or - e (anion) charges; Cations n anions attract each other n form ionic bonds (no electrons shared); Typically form crystalline ionic compounds aka salts |
| Valence Bond | combining capacity of an atom pos - gives up electron neg - empty spaces stable - 8 in outer shell |
| Complete Valence | Nonpolar - equal sharing Polar- no equal sharing |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | * Shared electrons spend equal amounts of time around each nucleus. - Atoms with similar electronegativities * Carbon atoms form four nonpolar covalent bonds with other atoms. - Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | * Unequal sharing of electrons due to significantly different electronegativities * Most important polar covalent bonds involve hydrogen. - Allow for hydrogen bonding |
| Hydrogen Bonds | *Think H2O * Electrical attraction between partially charged H+ and full or partial negative charge on same or different molecule * Weaker than covalent bonds but essential for life * Help to stabilize 3-D shapes of large molecules |
| Synthesis Reactions | * Involve the formation of larger, more complex molecules * Require energy (endothermic) * Common type is dehydration synthesis * Water molecule formed |
| Anabolism | All the synthesis reactions in an organism |
| Decomposition Reactions | * Break bonds within larger molecules to form smaller atoms, ions, and molecules * Release energy (exothermic) * Common type is hydrolysis * Ionic components of water are added to products (H+, OH-). |
| Catabolism | All the decomposition reactions in an organism C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 |
| Exchange Reactions | * Involve breaking and forming covalent bonds * Have endothermic and exothermic steps * Involve atoms moving from one molecule to another |
| Metabolism | Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism A + BC → AB + C |
| Water | Most abundant 2 polar covalent bonds: Cohesion & adhesion Excellent solvent Remains liquid across wide range of temps Can absorb sig amounts of heat energy wo changing temp Participates in many chemical reactions Density |
| Acid | * dissociates into one or more H+ and one or more anions ; 0-6.9 *HCl : H+ Cl- : Acidic |
| Base | *binds with H+ when dissolved in water; some dissociate into cations and OH– ; 7.1 - 14 NaOh : Na+ OH- : Base |
| Buffers | Keep pH from changing; prevent drastic changes in internal pH |
| Living things pH is 6.5 - 8.5 | |
| Salts | Compounds that dissociate in water into cations n anions other than H+ / OH– Cations/anions of salts r electrolytes that: Create electrical diff between inside/ outside of cell Transfer electrons frm 1 location to another |
| Functional Groups | Atoms often appear in arrangements |
| Macromolecules | * large molecules used by all organisms: 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids * small building blocks that all stick together to make bigger things |
| Monomers | basic building blocks of macromolecules |
| Polymers | monomers joined together in chains |
| Lipids | * Not composed of regular subunits * Are all hydrophobic * Four groups: 1. Fats (triglycerides) 2. Phospholipids 3. Waxes 4. Steroids * Waxes Contain one long Lack hydrophilic head Completely insoluble in water |
| Carbohydrates | Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Funct: Lterm storage of chemical energy Part of backbones of nucleic acids Converted to amino acids Form cell wall Involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells |
| Types of Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides * come together to make polymers Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
| Proteins | Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Functions: Structure Enzymatic catalysis Regulation Transportation Defense and offense |
| Amino Acids | * monomers that make up proteins *Most organisms use only 21 amino acids in protein synthesis. * Side groups affect how amino acids interact with one another n how a protein interacts w other molecules. * covalent peptide bond is formed between a.a. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) | the vital genetic material of cells and viruses. |
| RNA | acts as enzyme, binds amino acids, and helps form polypeptides. |
| Nucleotides | * Monomers that make up nucleic acids Composed of three parts: 1. Phosphate 2. Pentose sugar—either deoxyribose or ribose 3. One of five cyclic nitrogenous bases |
| Nucleic Acid | * DNA is genetic material of all organisms and of many viruses. * Carries instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins * Controls synthesis of all molecules in an organism * DNA is double stranded in most cells and viruses. |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Energy currency of cells Cells use ATP to carry out activities. One nucleotide along with 3 phosphate groups makes it unstable. Easily loses a phosphate group to become ADP (adenosine diphosphate) Continual cycle of breakdown and regeneration |
| Which of the following structures have no electrical charge? A. Protons B. Electrons C. Neutrons D. Ions | Neutrons |
| The atomic mass of an atom most closely approximates the sum of the masses o all its: A. protons B. isotopes C. electrons D. protons and neutrons | protons and neutrons |
| One isotope of iodine differs from another in: A. the number of protons B. the number of electrons C. the number of neutrons D. atomic number | the number of neutrons |
| Which of the following is NOT an organic compound? A. monosaccharide B. formaldehyde C. water D. Steroid | Water |
| Which of the following terms most correctly describes the bonds in a molecule of water? A. nonpolar covalent bond B. polar covalent bond C. ionic bond D. hydrogen bond | Polar Covalent Bond |
| In water, cations and anions of salts dissociate crom one another and become surrounded by water molecules. In this state, the ions are also called ______________. A. electrically negative B. Ionically bonded C. Electrolytes D. Hydrogen bonds | Electrolytes |
| Which of the following can be most accurately described as a decomposition reaction? A. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 B. glucose + ATP ---> glucose phosphate + ADP C. 6 H2O + 6 CO2 ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 D. A + BC ---> AB + C | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 |
| Which of the following statements about a cola beverage w a pH is true? A. relatively high concentration of hydrogen ions B. relatively low concentration of hydrogen ions C. equal amounts of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions D. Cola is a buffered solution | relatively high concentration of hydrogen ions |
| Proteins are polymers of ________. A. amino acids B. fatty acids C. nucleic acids D. monosaccharides | Amino Acids |
| Which of the following are hydrophobic organic molecules? A. proteins B. carbohydrates C. lipids D. nucleic acids | Lipids |
| Th outermost electron shell of an atom is known as the ____________ shell. | Valence |
| The type of chemical bond between atoms with nearly equal electronegativities is call a(n) _______________________ bond. | Nonpolar covalent bonds |
| The principal short-term energy storage molecule in cells is ____________________. | ATP |
| Common long-term storage molecules are: | fat, wax, amylase (starch), gylocogen |
| Groups of atoms such as NH2 or OG that appear in certain common arrangements are called ______________. | functional groups |
| The reverse of dehydration synthesis is ________________. | Hydrolosis |
| Reactions that release energy are called _____________ reactions. | exothermic |
| All chemical reactions begin with reactants and result in new molecules called _____________. | products |
| The ________________ scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. | pH |
| A nucleic acid containing the base uracil would also contain ____________ sugar. | Ribose |
Created by:
Cpvander
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