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Chapter 5 TEST
Seed plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what kind of seeds do gymnosperms produce? | Naked Seeds (no Fruit) |
| Why are gymnosperms referred to as having “naked seeds”? | Because they are not enclosed by a protective fruit |
| What other characteristics are common in most gymnosperms? | Needle like or scale like leaves Deep growing root systems |
| List the 4 types of gymnosperms. | Cycads Conifers Ginkgoes Gnetophytes |
| what is an Ovule? | A structure that contains an egg cell |
| How does gymnosperm pollination occur? | Wind carries the pollen from the male cone to the female cone. The pollen collects in a sticky substance produced by each ovule. |
| How does gymnosperm fertilization occur? | Once pollination occurs the ovule closes and seals in the pollen. The scales also close and a sperm cell fertilizes an egg inside each ovule. The fertilized egg develops into the embryo part of the seed |
| What process occurs on the female cone before fertilization? | First an egg cell forms inside an ovule on a scale of a female cone. Next, pollination takes place on the scales. After pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone, an egg and sperm cell join in an ovule on the female cone |
| Once the embryo develops, what else must happen for a seed to be ready to disperse? | Must mature seed coat and stored food forms |
| Name 2 products made from the sap of conifers? | turpentine and rosin |
| what is Tropism | A plant’s growth response, forward or away from a stimulus |
| what are three important stimuli to which plants show growth response? | touch light and gravity |
| what are three important stimuli to which plants show growth response? | thigmotropism |
| What kind of gravitropism do a plant’s roots show if they grow downward? | positive |
| what is a Hormone? | Is a chemical that affects how the plant grows and develops |
| What is one role that the plant hormone auxin plays? | Speeds up the rate at which plant cells grow |
| what determines the time of flowering in many plants? | the amt. of darkness the plant recieves |
| what is Photoperiodism? | A plant’s response to seasonal changes in length of night and day |
| When does a short day plant flower? | When nights are longer than it is critical night length (Winter and Fall) |
| When does a long day plant flower? | When nights are shorter than it is critical night length (Summer and Spring) |
| What are plants that bloom no matter what the periods of darkness called? | Day-neutral plants |
| what is Dormancy? | a Period when an organism's growth or activity stops. Helps plant survive freezing temps. and lack of liquid water |
| what are the three things angiosperms are classified as and why | Angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials, or perennials based on the length of their life cycles. |
| Annuals | Flowering plants that live for 1 year |
| Biennials? | Flowering plants that live for 2 years |
| Perennials? | Flowering plants that live for more than 2 years |
| how many people live on earth today? | more than 7 billion |
| How many people could live on Earth by the year 2050? | 10 billion |
| How old will you be in 2050? | 45/46 |
| what is Precision farming? | A farming method in which rmers fine-tune the amount. of water and fertilizer they use to the requirements of a specific field |
| What variables can be manipulated in precision farming? | Fertilizer and water |
| What are the benefits of precision farming? | More food per plant, more plants per field, increased harvest |
| How can precision farming help the environment? | It can minimise the amount. of fertilizer and water used. Decrease fertilizer leads to less runoff into streams lakes and rivers |
| what is Hydroponics? | A farming method in which plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of soil |
| What is the benefit in hydroponics? | It allows crops to grow in areas with poor soil |
| What is genetic engineering? | When scientists alter an organism's g.m. to produce an organism with qualities that people find useful |
| What is the benefit of plants that produce a natural insecticide? | They do not have to be sprayed synthetic pesticides |
| What two characteristics do all angiosperms share? | They produce seeds enclosed in fruit They produce flowers |
| Where can angiosperms live? | Almost anywhere on earth |
| What is the function of flowers? | Reproductive structure |
| What kinds of structures do you expect to find in a flower? | Male and female reproductive structures |
| What structures make up the male parts of a flower? | Stamen- anther and filament |
| The female parts? | Pistil- stigma, Style, & Ovary |
| What purpose do the color and shape of the petals serve? | To help ensure pollination |
| What are the male and female reproductive parts of a flower? | Stamen and pistil |
| What flower parts develop into fruit? | The ovary and other structures |
| What reproductive structures are unique to angiosperms? | Fruit and flowers |
| After a plant has produced a mature flower, what is the first step in reproduction? | The pollen grains are trapped on the stigma |
| What is the process when pollen grains are trapped on the stigma? | Pollenation |
| What happens to the ovary as the seed develops? | The ovary changes into a fruit |
| What is the purpose of the stigma? | To trap the pollen |
| What happens to the ovule parts that are not the embryo? | They develop into the seed coat and stored food |
| What is the purpose of fruit? | It helps in seed dispersal |
| How can you classify angiosperms by the number of cotyledons? | One seed leaf- monocot 2 seed leaves- dicot |
| How are the petals of each type different? | A monocot has petals in groups of 3, dicots have petals in groups of 4 or 5 |
| How do the petals of monocots and dicots differ in number? | A monocot has petals in multiples of 3 a dicot has petals in multiples of 4 or 5 |
| What are two angiosperms from which people produce clothing? | Cotton plants and flax plants |
| What two characteristics are common to all seed plants? | They have all vascular tissue and use pollen and seeds to reproduce |
| In seed plants, the plants you see are _______________. | the sporophyte and the gametophyte are microscopic |
| What is Phloem? | Vascular tissue that moves the food |
| What is Xylem? | Vascular tissue that’s moving water and minerals |
| what is Pollen? | Tiny structures that contain the cells that will later become sperm cells |
| what is a Seed? | A structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering |
| what is inside a seed? | a partially developed plant |
| Why does the seed contain stored food? | The embryo uses the stored food until it can make its own food |
| what is an Embryo? | The young plant that develops from a zygote |
| what are Cotyledons? | The seed's leaves |
| What are the three ways listed in your book that seeds can be dispersed? | animals, water, wind |
| Why is it an advantage for seeds to be able to remain inactive and germinate immediately after the embryo forms? | This allows them to be dispersed and germinate under ideal growing conditions |
| What must happen in order for germination to begin? | the seed must abosrb water |
| What three things do roots do for a plant? | Anchors down a plant Sometimes stores food Absorbs water and minerals from the soil |
| Why types of roots are there? And what are 3 examples of each? | Fibrous- lawn grass, corn, and onions Taproot- carrot, dandelion, and cacti |
| What is a root cap? | Protects the root from injury from rocks as the roots grow through the soil |
| What are the 2 main functions for a stem of a plant? | The stem carries substances between the plants roots and leaves. The stem also provides support for the plantand holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun |
| what is the Cambium? | A layer of cells which divide to produce new phloem and xylem |
| What do trees annual rings represent? | Annual rings are made of xylem and represent the age of the tree |
| what do leaves do? | Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food making process of photosynthesis. |
| What is Stomata? | Small openings in the surface layers of the leaf |
| what is a Cuticle? | A waxy waterproof coating that covers a leaf |
| what is Transpiration? | The process by water evaporates from a plant’s leaves |
| How does water get into a leaf? | It is absorbed by the roots and travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem |
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