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MCB163 lec2
cytology recap
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Golgi type I | long projecting, typically excitatory, myelinated, transmit signals with great speed |
| Golgi type II | local circuit, typically inhibitory, commonly unmyelinated, "slower" then other type |
| Stellate Cell | main source of localand intralaminar projections; they usually have a small cell body, an unmyelinated axon, and use GABA as a neurotransmitter |
| Pyramidal Cells | main source of long-distance projections and of cortical output; they usually have a large cell body, a myelinated axon, and use glutamate, aspartate, or acetylcholine as atransmitter; about 75% of cortical neurons fit this description |
| the glial cells | provide myelination, buffer extracellular pH, and remove damaged processes |
| oligodendroglia | are responsible for myelinating axons |
| protoplasmic astrocytes | are an important interface between neurons and blood vessels |
| microglia | remove neuronal debris after damage through phagocytosis |
| Microtubules | big, longitudinally down neurites, Tubulin protein fashion together for hollow tube structure (polymer) |
| MAP’s regulate | microtubule function/assembly |
| tau-axonal MAP | linked to AD. |
| Neurofilaments | intermediate size, mechanically strong, “bones and ligaments”, multiple subunits chained together. |
| Microfilaments | small, two strands of actin, like microtubules they are always under going assembly and disassembly |
| Anterograde transport | from the soma towards the axon terminal |
| Retrograde transport | from the axon terminal towards the soma |
| axoplasmic transport | fueled by ATP, antero-kinesin; retro-dynein |
| Excitatory synapses | commonly involve round synaptic vesicles and asymmetries between the pre-postsynaptic thickenings |
| Inhibitory synapses | commonly involve flattened or pleiomorphic synaptic vesicles. Symmetric |
| Varieties of synaptic organization | segregated spatially and selectively on the neuronal membrane |
| Hormonal mechanisms | long-term excitability |
| Free nerve endings | dermal pain receptors innervated by ganglion cells that give rise to C fibers |
| Encapsulated receptors | pressure receptors |
| Receptors of the special senses | . inner ear hair cells innervated by spiral ganglion cells of Corti |
| Effector receptors | Muscle spindle (length sensitive) receptor is innervated by a dorsal root ganglion cell which projects to a spinal motoneuron which, in turn, regulates the excitability of the muscle spindle. |
| Feed-forward inhibition | afferent neurons from the extensor muscle excite not only the extensor motor neurons, but also inhibitory neurons that prevent the firing of motor cells in opposing muscle fibers |
| feed-forward inhibition | enhances the effect of the active pathway by supressing the activity of other opposing pathways |
| negative feedback inhibition | self-regulating mechanism; dampen activity to prevent it from exceding a critical maximum |
| electrical signal | faster, ion current, bidirectional, gap junctions, synaptic delay almost absent, no gain |
| chemical signal | slower, neurotransmitters, unidirectional (direct/indirect) active zones, synaptic delay, gain |
| Amino Acids & Amines neurotransmitters | Small organic molecules, nitrogen atom, synaptic vesicles |
| Peptide neurotransmitters | large, secretory granules |
| Amine neurotransmitters | ACh, dopamine, 5-HT, histamine, Epinephrine |
| Peptide neurotransmitters | Sub. P, neuropeptide Y, etc… |
Created by:
greerbaby
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