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Chapter 8
Body Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basic unit of body structure? | Cell |
| Cells need food, water and __________________ to live and function. | Oxygen |
| What is found in the center of each cell and directs the cell's activities? | Nucleus |
| How many chromosomes does each cell contain? | 46 |
| What controls the traits that children inherit from their parents? | Genes |
| What is the process of cell division? | Mitosis |
| What do groups of cells with similar functions combine to form? | Tissues |
| This type of tissue stretches and contracts to let the body move. | Muscle |
| When you group tissue with the same functions together what is formed? | Organs |
| Organs that work together to perform special functions are called _______________. | Systems |
| What is the outer layer of the skin called? | Epidermis |
| What gives skin its color? | Pigment |
| Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat and oil glands and hair roots? | Dermis |
| What kind of tissue supports the epidermis and the dermis? | Subcutaneous |
| One of the functions of skin is that is prevents _________________ and other substances from entering the body. | Microorganisms |
| The skin helps regulate body __________________. | Temperature |
| Which type of bones bear the body's weight? | Long |
| Which type of bones allow for ease of movement? | Short |
| Which type of bone protect the organs? | Flat |
| What type of bones make up the vertebrae in the spinal column? | Irregular |
| The _________________ is a membrane that covers the bones and contains blood vessels that supply the bones with oxygen and food. | Periosteum |
| Blood cells are formed in the bone ______________. | Marrow |
| What is the point at which two or more bones meet called? | Joint |
| What is the connective tissue at the end of long bones? | Cartilage |
| What are the strong bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at the joint? | Ligaments |
| Which type of joint allows movement in all directions (like your shoulder)? | Ball and socket |
| Which type of joint allows movement in one direction (like your elbow)? | Hinge |
| Which joint allows turning from side to side (like your skull connecting to the spine)? | Pivot |
| Which type of muscles can be consciously controlled (like arm and leg muscles)? | Voluntary |
| Which muscles work automatically (like stomach or intestinal muscles)? | Involuntary |
| What is another name involuntary muscles? | Smooth Muscles |
| The heart muscle is called the __________________ muscle. | Cardiac |
| One function of muscles is the _________________ of body parts. | Movement |
| One function of muscles is the maintenance of _________________. | Posture |
| One function of muscles is the production of body _____________. | Heat |
| What is the name of the connective tissue that connects muscles to bones? | Tendons |
| What is the largest part of the brain called? | Cerebrum |
| The cerebrum is the center of thought and __________________. | Intelligence |
| What part of the brain controls the highest functions of the brain like reasoning, memory, speech, vision and hearing? | Cerebral cortex |
| The midbrain, pons and medulla are located in the ______________. | Brainstem |
| What part of the brain controls heart rate, breathing and swallowing? | Medulla |
| The spinal ______ lies within the spinal column. | Cord |
| What controls the pathways that conduct messages to and from the brain? | Spinal cord |
| What type of fluid cushions the central nervous system by protecting it from shacks that could easily injure brain and spinal cord structures? | Cerebrospinal |
| The ________________ nervous system has 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. | Peripheral |
| The ___________________ nervous system controls involuntary muscles and certain functions like heartbeat, blood pressure and intestinal contractions. | Autonomic |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are the two parts of the _________________ nervous system. | Autonomic |
| The sympathetic nervous system _______________ up functions. | Speeds |
| The parasympathetic nervous system ________________ functions. | Slows |
| When you are angry, scared, excited or exercising the __________________ nervous system is activated. | Sympathetic |
| When you relax or your sympathetic nervous system is stimulated for too long, the ______________________ nervous system is activated. | Parasympathetic |
| Sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch are the five ________________. | Senses |
| The ____________ has three layers: the sclera, choroid and retina. | Eye |
| The white, outer layer of the eye is called the _________________. | Sclera |
| Blood vessels, ciliary muscles, and the iris make up the ________________. | Choroid |
| What is the name of the opening in the middle of the iris? | Pupil |
| The pupil ________________ (narrows) in bright light. | Constricts |
| The pupil _________________(widens) in dim or dark places. | Dilates |
| The inner area of the eye is called the _________________. | Retina |
| The retina contains the receptors for vision and the nerve fibers of the __________________ nerve. | Optic |
| The functions of this sense organ involve hearing and balance. | Ear |
| The _________________ ear is called the pinna or auricle. | External |
| Sound waves are guided through the external ear into the ____________ canal. | Auditory |
| What is the waxy substance secreted by the glands in the auditory canal? | Cerumen |
| The eardrum or __________________ membrane separates the external and middle ear. | Tympanic |
| The inner ear consists of semicircular canals and the _____________ which looks like a snail shell. | Cochlea |
| The inner ear contains ______________ that carries sound waves from the middle ear to the acoustic nerve. | Fluid |
| The acoustic nerve carries messages to the ______________. | Brain |
| One function of the circulatory system involves blood carrying food, ____________, and other substances to the cells. | Oxygen |
| What structure does blood remove waste products from? | Cells |
| Blood and blood vessels help regulate body __________________. | Temperature |
| The circulatory system produces and carries cells that defend the body from microbes that cause _____________________. | Disease |
| Blood consists of blood cells and which substance that carries food, hormones and chemicals? | Plasma |
| Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are red in color because they contain ________________. | Hemoglobin |
| Where are red blood cells formed? | Bone marrow |
| What do white blood cells (leukocytes) protect the body against? | Infection |
| Where are white blood cells formed? | Bone marrow |
| What is needed for blood clotting? | Platelets |
| What is the outer layer of the heart, the thin sac covering the heart, called? | Pericardium |
| What is the second layer of the heart, the thick muscular part, called? | Myocardium |
| What is the inner layer of the heart, the membrane lining the inner surface, called? | Endocardium |
| The _______________ atrium receives blood from body tissues. | Right |
| The ____________ atrium receives blood from the lungs. | Left |
| The upper chambers are called the ___________ and they receive blood. | Atria |
| The lower chambers pump blood and are called the _____________. | Ventricles |
| The ________________ ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen. | Right |
| The __________________ ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body. | Left |
| What is the resting phase of heart action called? | Diastole |
| What is the working (pumping) phase of heart action called? | Systole |
| Which type of blood vessel is rich in oxygen and carries blood away from the heart? | Arteries |
| What is the largest artery called? | Aorta |
| What are the very tiny blood vessels that allow for the transfer of food and oxygen to the cells? | Caoillaries |
| What type of blood vessel returns blood to the heart? | Veins |
| Two main ________________ are called the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava. | Veins |
| The inferior vena cava carries blood from the ______________ and trunk. | Legs |
| The superior vena cava carries blood from the ____________ and arms. | Head |
| What is the process of supplying the cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from them called? | Respiration |
| Respiration involves breathing in, what is another name for breathing in? | Inhalation |
| Respiration involves breathing out, what is another name for breathing out? | Exhalation |
| Air enters the body through the mouth and ______________. | Nose |
| Air passes from the larynx into the _________________. | Trachea |
| The trachea divides at its lower end and goes into the lungs through the right and left ___________. | Bronchus |
| The bronchus divides into smaller branches called the __________________. | Broncioles |
| The bronchioles subdivide and end up in one-celled air sacs called _______________. | Alveoli |
| The _______________________ provide blood supply to the alveoli. | Capillaries |
| _________________ and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the capillaries and alveoli. | Oxygen |
| What separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity? | Diaphragm |
| What is the two-layered sac covering the lung called? | Pleura |
| A bony framework made up of the ribs, sternum and vertebrae protects the _________________. | Lungs |
| What is the process of breaking down food physically and chemically for use by the body called? | Digestion |
| The digestive system removes solid ____________ from the body. | Waste |
| What is the long tube that extends from the mouth to the to the anus? | Alimentary Canal |
| Where does digestion begin? | Mouth |
| What glands secrete saliva? | Salivary |
| Food is moistened by ________________ to help with swallowing and begin digestion. | Saliva |
| During swallowing, the tongue pushes food into what muscular tube? | Pharynx |
| What are the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal called? | Peristalisis |
| The mucous membrane lining the stomach contains glands that secrete what kind of juices to aid in digestion? | Gastric |
| Gastic juices and food combine to make ______________. | Chyme |
| What is the name of the greenish gastric juice made in the liver? | Bile |
| Where is bile stored? | Gallbladder |
| In what part of the small intestines does chyme mix with bile? | Duodenum |
| Most food absorption takes place in the jejunum and ____________ parts of the small intestines. | Ileum |
| Undigested chyme is moved into the large intestine which is also called the _______________. | Colon |
| Where is most of the water from the chyme absorbed? | Colon |
| After the water is absorbed, what is the remaining semi-solid material called? | Feces |
| Peristalsis moves feces through the colon and into the _________. | Rectum |
| Where does feces pass out of the body through? | Anus |
| The urinary system removes waste products from where? | Blood |
| The urinary systems maintains water ______________ within the body. | Balance |
| Where is urine stored until the need to urinate occurs? | Bladder |
| Urine passes from the bladder through the _________________. | Urethra |
| What is the opening at the end of the urethra called? | Meatus |
| What is the male sex gland called? | Testes |
| Where are male sex cells produced? | Testes |
| Which male hormone is produced in the testes? | Testosterone |
| What is the name of the fluid that carries sperm from the male reproductive tract called? | Semen |
| The urethra runs through the __________________ gland. | Prostate |
| What is the name of the outlet for urine and semen in men? | Urethra |
| Where is the urethra located? | Penis |
| What is the name of the female sex glands? | Ovaries |
| In a female, where are the eggs (ova) located? | Ovaries |
| The release of an egg (ovum) is called ___________________. | Ovulation |
| The ovaries secrete the female _____________________ estrogen and progesterone. | Hormones |
| Where does the fetus grow? | Uterus |
| The cervix of the uterus projects into the _________________ which opens to the outside of the body. | Vagina |
| The vagina is part of the _______________ canal. | Birth |
| What is the external female genitalia called? | Vulva |
| The _________ majora and ______________ minora are two folds of tissue on each side of the vaginal opening. (Same word for both) | Labia |
| Menstruation occurs about every ______________ days. | Twenty eight |
| Menstrual flow is _______________ that flows from the uterus through the vaginal opening. | Blood |
| Menstrual flow usually lasts 3 to 7 _______________. | Days |
| The endocrine glands secrete what kind of chemical substance into the bloodstream? | Hormones |
| What is the name of the master gland? | Pituitary gland |
| The anterior pituitary gland secrete which hormone that is needed for growth of muscles, bones, and other organs? | Growth |
| Which hormone is needed for thyroid gland function? | Thyroid-stimulating |
| Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland? | Adrenocorticotropic |
| Which hormone regulates metabolism? | Thyroid |
| The thyroid hormone is secreted by the ________________ gland. | Thyroid |
| Too _______________ thyroid hormone slows body processes, movement and causes weight gain. | Little |
| Too __________thyroid hormone causes increase metabolism and heart rate, excess energy and weight loss. | Much |
| The adrenal gland is located on top of each ________________. | Kidney |
| The adrenal _________________ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. | Medulla |
| The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the body to quickly produce ________________ during emergencies. | Energy |
| What hormone does the pancreas secrete? | Insulin |
| Insulin regulates the amount of _______________ in the blood available for use by the cells. | Sugar |
| Which body system protects the body from disease and infection? | Immune |
| Immunity means that a person has _________________ against a disease or condition. | Protection |
| What are substances that cause an immune response? | Antigens |
| Which type of white blood cells produce antibodies? | Lymphocytes |
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