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Chapter 13 Review
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Magma | molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed. |
| Volcanism | A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface |
| Lava | hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this. |
| Hot Spot | In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. |
| Ring of Fire | The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. |
| Subduction Zone | A subduction zone is the biggest crash scene on Earth. These boundaries mark the collision between two of the planet's tectonic plates. |
| Island Arc | a curved chain of volcanic islands located at a tectonic plate margin, typically with a deep ocean trench on the convex side. |
| Fissure | a long, narrow opening or line of breakage made by cracking or splitting, especially in rock or earth. |
| Mantle Plume | a long, soft feather or arrangement of feathers used by a bird for display or worn by a person for ornament. |
| Pluton | a body of intrusive igneous rock. |
| Batholith | a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth's crust. |
| Dike | A dike or dyke, in geological usage, is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. |
| Mafic | Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron, and is thus a portmanteau of magnesium and ferric. |
| Felsic | relating to or denoting a group of light-colored minerals including feldspar, feldspathoids, quartz, and muscovite. |
| Viscosity | The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness"; for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water. |
| Quiet Eruption | In a quiet eruption, the lava slowly flows out and forms flat layers that eventually make a shield volcano. The lava spreads out over a large area creating a flat base with gently sloping sides. |
| Pahoehoe Lava | One, pahoehoe, refers to lava with a smooth, shiny, or swirled surface and comes from the Hawaiian verb hoe, "to paddle" (since paddles make swirls in the water). |
| Aa Lava | Lava Types: Pahoehoe and Aa. ... The pahoehoe flow has a comparatively smooth or "ropy" surface. The surface of the aa flow consists of free chunks of very angular pieces of lava. |
| Blocky Lava | blocky lava A surface flow of hot, molten lava covered in a carapace of crystalline, angular blocks which tend to be smoothly faceted and may have dimensions up to several metres. |
| Explosive Eruption | An explosive eruption is a volcanic term to describe a violent, explosive type of eruption. |
| pyroclastic eruption | Composed chiefly of rock fragments of explosive origin, especially those associated with explosive volcanic eruptions |
| Volcanic ash | Volcanic Ash is defined as very small solid particles ejected from a volcano during an eruption which have intermediate axes measuring 2 mm or less |
| Volcanic dust | fine particles of rock powder that are blown out from a volcano and that may remain suspended in the atmosphere for long periods producing red sunsets and climatic modifications thousands of miles away. |
| Lapilli | rock fragments ejected from a volcano. |
| Volcanic Bomb | a container filled with explosive, incendiary material, smoke, gas, or other destructive substance, designed to explode on impact or when detonated by a time mechanism, remote-control device, or lit fuse. |
| volcanic block | A volcanic block is a fragment of rock that measures more than 64 mm (2.5 in) in diameter and is erupted in a solid condition. |
| Shield Volcano | a broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava. |
| cinder cone | a cone formed around a volcanic vent by fragments of lava thrown out during eruptions. |
| composite volcano | A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. |
| Caldera | a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano. |
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Tristyn1011
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