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Chapter 13 Volcano

Volcano Vocab section one

Term Definition
Magma Liquid rock produced under the earth's surface;igneous rocks are made of magma.
Volcanism Any activity that includes the movement of magma toward or onto Earth's surface.
Lava Magma that flows onto Earth's surface;the rock that forms when lava cools and solidifies.
Hot Spot A volcanically active area of Earth's surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate.
Ring Of Fire Amajor area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
Subduction Zone The biggest crash scene on Earth. These boundaries mark the collision between two of the planet's tectonic plates. The plates are pieces of crust that slowly move across the planet's surface over millions of years.
Island Arc A curved chain of volcanic islands located at a tectonic plate margin, typically with a deep ocean trench on the convex side.
Fissure A long, narrow opening or line of breakage made by cracking or splitting, especially in rock or earth.
Mantle Plume A localized column of hot magma rising by convection in the mantle, believed to cause volcanic activity in hot spots, such as the Hawaiian Islands, away from plate margins.
Pluton A body of intrusive igneous rock.
Batholith A very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth's crust.
Dike A type of later vertical rock between older layers of rock.
Mafic Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron that is generally dark in color.
Felsic Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color.
Viscosity The state of being thick, sticky, and semi fluid in consistency, due to internal friction.
Quiet Eruption The lava slowly flows out and forms flat layers that eventually make a shield volcano. The lava spreads out over a large area creating a flat base with gently sloping sides.
Pahoehoe Lava Lava with a smooth, shiny, or swirled surface and comes from the Hawaiian verb hoe, "to paddle".
Aa Lava The surface of the Aa flow consists of free chunks of very angular pieces of lava. This difference in form reflects flow dynamics. Aa forms when lava flows rapidly.
Blocky Lava A surface flow of hot, molten lava covered in a carapace of crystalline, angular blocks which tend to be smoothly faceted and may have dimensions up to several metres.
Explosive Eruption A volcanic term to describe a violent, explosive type of eruption.
Pyroclastic Material Another name for a cloud of ash, lava fragments carried through the air, and vapor. Such a flow is usually *very* hot, and moves *rapidly* due to buoyancy provided by the vapors.
Volcanic Ash Very small solid particles ejected from a volcano during an eruption which have intermediate axes measuring 2 mm or less.
Volcanic Dust Fine particles of rock powder that are blown out from a volcano and that may remain suspended in the atmosphere for long periods producing red sunsets and climatic modifications thousands of miles away.
Lapilli Rock fragments ejected from a volcano.
Volcanic Bomb A lump of lava thrown out by a volcano.
Volcanic Block A fragment of rock that measures more than 64 mm (2.5 in) in diameter and is erupted in a solid condition. Blocks are formed from material from previous eruptions or from country rock and are therefore mostly accessory or accidental in origin.
Shield Volcano A broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava.
Cinder Cone A cone formed around a volcanic vent by fragments of lava thrown out during eruptions.
Composite Volcano A conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. ... They are among the most common types of volcanoes, in contrast to the less common shield volcanoes.
Caldera A large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.
Created by: 2022157oh
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