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Envi & Eco Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A study of interrelationship of different organisms with each other and with their environment. | Ecology |
| a) A Greek word meaning habitat or place of living. b) A Greek word meaning to study. | a) Oikos b) Logos |
| A German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist, who defined ecology as the study of the relationship of organisms with their environment. | Ernst Heinrich Philip August Haeckel (1869) |
| Two people who stated that ecology is the study of the ditribution and abundance of organisms. | Andrewartha and Birch (1954) |
| The person who stated that ecology is the study of ecosystems. | Eugene Odum (1971) |
| A factor of ecology that includes ambient temperature, amount of sunlight, and pH of the water in which an organism lives. | Abiotic factors |
| A factor of ecology that includes the availability of food organisms, and the presence of conspecifics, competitors, predators, and parasites. | Biotic factors |
| A classification of ecology that deals with the study of individual species, organisms, and its population. | Autecology |
| A classification of ecology that deals with the study of communities, their composition, their behavior, and relation with the environment; aka Ecology of Communities. | Synecology |
| A study under Synecology that focuses on the population including its size, density, structure, migration patterns, and interaction between organisms of same population. | Population Ecology |
| A study under Synecology that takes a look on the interactions between the different species and how their numbers and sizes all mesh together. | Community Ecology |
| A study under Synecology that contributes to the understanding of ecology by adding abiotic factors to the items analyzed, alongside the biotic factors involved. | Ecosystem Ecology |
| Three branches under Synecology | A) Population ecology B) Community ecology C) Ecosystem ecology |
| A classification of ecology that deals with the study of interaction of organisms in the water. | Aquatic ecology |
| Two classifications of aquatic ecology | A) Marine water ecology B) Freshwater ecology |
| Running water such as in the river, stream, and spring. | Lotic |
| Standing water such as in the pond, lake, freshwater river, and coral reefs. | Lentic |
| A classification of ecology that deals with the study of interaction of organisms on land. | Terrestrial ecology |
| Three classifications of terrestrial ecology | A) Grassland ecology B) Forest ecology C) Desert ecology |
| A classification of ecology that examines the gross and net production of different ecosystems like agriculture, freshwater, sea water. | Productivity ecology |
| A classification of ecology that looks at the smallest fundamental levels of life, that is the cellular level. | Microbial ecology |
| Two kingdoms mainly involved in microbial ecology. | A) Kingdom monera B) Kingdom protista |
| A classification of ecology that deals with the study of gross effect of radiation amd radioactive substances over the environment and living organisms. | Radiation ecology |
| A classification of ecology that deals with the universal predictions about how pollutants affect ecosystems. | Pollution ecology |
| A classification of ecology that is concerned with the development of partially or wholly regenerating ecosystems for supporting the life of man during long space flights. | Space ecology |
| A limited space within which living beings interact with nonliving matter at a high level of interdependence to form an environmental unit. | Ecosystem |
| Large areas like arctic, tall grass prairie, hardwood forest, etc, are often called? | Biomes |
| Origin of the word ecosystem | Greek "oikos" and "systema" |
| Five alternative terms that ecologists coined for ecosystem. | Biocoenosis, microcosm, holocoen, biosystem, geobiocoenois |
| British ecologist who proposed the term ecosystem | A. G. Tansley (1935) |
| American who offered the classic definition of ecology: its mainspring is energy flow through several trophic levels, ensuring the transformation of material from one state to another. | Raymond L. Lindeman (1942) |
| Consists of several relays, whereby, nonliving matter is turned into living tissues by plant then digested by herbivores which are consumed by carnivores then undergoes predation. | Food chain |
| Two categories of abiotic factors | Climatic, edaphic |
| Category of abiotic factors that includes the climatic regime with physical factors in the environment such as light, humidity, etc. | Climatic factors |
| Category of abiotic factors which relate to the composition and structure of the soil. | Edaphic factors |
| Three divisions of the biotic community | Autotrophs, saprothrops, and heterotrophs |
| Forms the core of all biotic systems; also called producers, transducers, or convertors. | Autotrophs |
| Gets their energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms; also called consumers. | Heterotrophs |
| Those that eat producers such as plants as source of food. | Primary consumer/herbivores |
| Consumes other organisms. | Secondary consumer/carnirvores |
| Have mixed diet that includes both plants and animals. | Omnivores |
| Breaks down the complex organic compounds in dead matter; also called reducers or decomposers. | Saprotrophs |
| Types of terrestrial ecosystem | Forest, desert |
| Natural plant communities with dominance of flowering plants. | Forest ecosystem |
| Occurs in region with an annual rainfall of less than 25 cm. | Desert ecosystem |
| Covers 0.80% of the Earth's surface, inhabits 0.009% of its total water, generates nearly 3% of its net primary production, and contains 41% of the world's known fish species. | Freshwater ecosystem |
| Type of freshwater ecosystem that is largely based on the autotroph algae. | Lentic ecosystem |
| Ecosystem of rivers, streams, and other moving bodies of water | Lotic ecosystem |
| Covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. | Marine water/ecosystem |
| Average salinity of seawater | 35 parts per thousand of water |
| Approximately 85% of dissolved materials in seawater | Sodium and chlorine |
| Four categorical areas that make uo planet Earth | Biosphere, hydosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere |
| States that matter cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed including the transformation between matter and energy. | Law of conservation of matter |
| Facilitates the transfer of matter from one form and/or location to another; aka nutrient cycle, cycle of nature. | Biogeochemical cycle |
| Region occupied by soil, land, and earth crust | Lithosphere |
| Region occupied by living organisms | Biosphere |
| Region occupied by air and space | Atmosphere |
| Region covered by water | Hydrosphere |
| Major categories of biogeochemical cycles | Sedimentary, gaseous cycles |
| Two cycles under sedimentary cycle | Phosphorus, sulfur |
| Four cycles under gaseous cycle | Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrological/water |
| Elements required by living organisms in smaller amounts like boron used mainly by green plants, copper used by some enzymes, and molybdenum by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. | Micro elements |
| Elements required by living organisms in larger amount such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur. | Macro elements |
| A place or location where a biogeochemical element is in its highest concentration; abiotic factors. | Reservoir |
| Where chemicals are held for only short periods of time; biotic factor. | Exchange pools |
| Amount of time that a chemical is held in one place | Resident time |
| Refers to the difference between the amount of elements entering and leaving the reservoir. | Influx |
| Human activities influencing biogeochemical cycles and climate change | Use of phosphorus fertilizers, mining of fossil fuels, production of sulfur dioxide, and cultivation of legumes and use of nitrogen fertilizers. |
| Responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus from land to water bodies. | Runoff |
| Newly studied biogeochemical cycles | Mercury, [human-caused] atrazine cycle |
| Fourth most abundant element in the universe;the building block of life. | Carbon |
| Two categories of global carbon cycle | Geological (large time scale), biological/physical (shorter time scales) |
| Small bodies that formed from the solar nebula | Planetesimals |
| A weak acid derived from the reaction between atmospheric carbon dioxide and water | Carbonic acid |
| Process of combination of carbonic acid with calcium and magnesium in the Earth's crust to form insoluble carbonates | Weathering |
| A process in which one lithospheric plate descends beneath another, often as a result of folding or faulting. | Subduction |
| Common term for the mineral calcium carbonate | Limestone |
| Reverse of photosynthesis; process of effectively burning carbohydrates with the help of plants and animals. | Respiration |
| The process in which plants absorb solar energy and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce carbohydrates. | Photosynthesis |
| Respiration that consumes organic matter mostly by bacteria and fungi | Decomposition |
| Measures the amount and health of plants on land | Normalized difference vegetation index |
| Measures the amount of phytoplankton in the ocean | Chlorophyll a Concentration |
| Are consumed by respiring zooplankton (microscopic marine animals) within a matter of days to weeks | Photosynthetic microscopic phytoplankton |
| Periods of low carbon dioxide concentration correspond to ______, while higher carbon dioxide concentrations are linked to _______. | Ice ages, warmer periods |
| Amount of carbon the human activities add per year | 5.5 billion tons |
| Tenth most abundant element in the universe | Sulfur |
| It comprises many vitamins, proteins, and hormones that play critical roles in both climate and in the health of various ecosystems. | Sulfur |
| Recite the sulfur cycle | Weathering of rocks (release of sulfur) > converted to sulfate > taken up by plants, consumed by animals > organisms die and decompose, sulfur is released again |
| Fraction of sulfur that reaches the atmosphere stemming from human activities | 1/3 |
| Sulfur also acts as a regulator of what? | Global climate |
| Other word for nonliving components | Physicochemical factors |
| Organic substances under edaphic factors | Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, humic substances, etc. |
| Inorganic substances under edaphic factors | Water, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus |
| A process which synthesize a high emergy complex organic compound from the inorganic raw materials utilizing the aid of the sun. | Photosynthesis |
| How many percent of the significant land does desert ecosystem occupy? | 17% |
| Freshwater ecosystem occupies _____ percent of earth's surface and _____ of its total water. | 0.80 and 0.009 |
| Contains 4% of the Earth's known fishes | Freshwater ecosystem |
| Biogeochemical cycles are called ____ cycles because they involve the transfer of compounds that provide nutritional support to living organisms. | Nutrient |
| Is the slowest sedimentary cycle? | Phosphorus |
| Cannot be found in the air in gaseous cycle because it's usually liquid at standard temperatures and pressures | Phosphorus |
| Natural form is solid and is restricted to sedimentary cycle and its form. | Sulfur |
| Sulfur is transported to physical processes like? | Wind, erosion, and geological events like eruption |
| Involves transportation of matter to atmosphere | Gaseous cycle |
| Absorbs infrared radiation and may contribute to global warming and climate change | Carbon |
| One of the most important element that sustain life on earth. | Carbon |
| Have substantial effect in earth's heat balance | Carbon dioxide and methane gases |
| The most abundant element in the atmosphere and found in terrestrial ecosystems | Nitrogen gas (N2) |
| Nitrogen cycle is the most important (blank) cycle for plant life. | Nutrient |
| Main driving factor of oxygen cycle is (blank) because of oxygen-carbon cycle | Photosynthesis |
| Most important chemical of life for all living organisms. | Water (H20) |
| Percent of water is in solid state. | 93% |
| (blank) conditions have a significant imoact on the biogeochem cycle | Climatic |
| Process where the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight breaks apart oxygen co taining molecules | Photolysis |
| Primary sources of sulfur | Burning cole, internal combustion, engine, volcanic eruption |
| Metabolism of sugar creating CO2 | Respiration |
| Smells like rotten egg | Hydrogen sulfide |
| Bacteria oxidized sulfide | Thiobacillus thioxidants |
| Most common metal sulfide | Iron sulfide |
| Transforming N2 into usable forms through nirtogen fixing bacteria | Nitrogen fixation |
| Product of nitrogen fixation | Ammonia NH3 |
| Process where ammonia is converted to nitrate | Nitrification |
| Process where the outcome is nitrogen gas | Haber Bosch |
| Processes that use oxygen | Combustion, respiration, decomposition, rusting |
| Processes that produce oxygen | Plants and sunlight |
| This transfer occurs when some molecules in the water mass eject themselves from the surface of water | Evaporation |
| The evaporation of water through minute pores or stomata in the leaves of plants | Transpiration |
| This condition occurs as the consequence of either cooling or mixing of air masses of different temperatures | Condensation |
| Water vapor in the atmosphere is released to form (blank) | Precipitation |
| Are found in all proteins and DNA | Nitrogen Atoms |
| When fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorous are carried in runoff, this is | Eutrophication |
| Process in which organic forms of phosphate can be made avilable to plants by bacteria that breaks down organic matter to inorganic forms of phosphorus | Mineralization |
| Change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns that is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variation in solar radiation, plate tectonic, and volcanic eruptions | Climate change |
| At what year did the World Meteorological Organization proposed the term climatic change? | 1966 |
| What does IPCC stand for? | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| UNFCCC meaning | UN Framework Convention on Climate Change |
| Factors that can shape climate | Climate forcings or forcing mechanism |
| Forcing mechanism or climate forcing include processes such as | Orbital variation, solar output, volcanism, plate tectonics |
| Scientists generally defined the five components of earth's climate system that are | Atmosphere, cryosphere, biosohere, lithosohere, hydrosphere |
| Ice bergs, glaciers | Cryosphere |
| Is a gas in atmosphere that absorbs amd emits radiation within the thermal infrared range | Greenhouse gas |
| Process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without it atmosphere | Greenhouse effect |
| Presidentially decree no. 1152 is also known as | Philippine environmental code |
| Philippine environmental code was created in what year and who is the president during that time | 1977, Marcos |
| How many titles amd sections do PD 1152 have | 7 titles and 64 sections |
| Renewable energy act was approved by whom on what year | Arroyo, dec. 16 2008 |
| What is republic act 9513 | Renewable act of 2008 |
| RA 9729 | Cimate change act of 2009 |
| Sections of RA 9729 | 26 sections |
| Chaoters and sections of RA 9513 |
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