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Chapter12Earthquakes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Elastic Rebound | The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape. |
| Focus | The location within the Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
| Epicenter | The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point, or focus. |
| Seismic Waves | Energy released in the form of vibrations as rocks along a fault slip into new positions. |
| Fault Zone | A region of numerous, closely spaced faults. (Ex: North Anatolian fault zone in Turkey.) |
| Understand how stress builds up along a fault and gets released | When tectonic plates push up against each other, or try to slide past each other, stress builds up along the fault. Friction keeps the plates from moving until that force is overcome and the plates spring into their new position through elastic rebound. |
| Understand how the depth of focus affects an earthquake's intensity. | With all other factors being equal, the deeper the focus (farther below ground), the lower the intensity, and the shallower the focus (closer to the surface), the greater the intensity. |
| Know where earthquakes are most likely to happen. | Earthquakes are most likely to happen along a transform plate boundary. Earthquakes are very common around the Ring of Fire. |
| Seismograph | The machine that records vibrations (seismic waves) during an earthquake. |
| Seismogram | A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by a seismograph. |
| Magnitude | A measure of the strength of an earthquake. |
| Intensity | A measure of the damage caused by an earthquake. |
| Understand the difference between the Richter scale and the Moment Magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude. | The Richter scale is based on ground motion only. The Moment Magnitude scale is based on the area of the fault that moved, the distance the fault blocks moved, and the rigidity of the rocks in the fault zone. The Moment Magnitude scale is more accurate. |
| Understand how the Modified Mercalli scale is used to measure an earthquake's intensity. (It is measured in Roman Numerals) | The bigger the value = the more damage that was caused. The intensity of an earthquake depends on the magnitude, depth of focus, the distance between epicenter and affected area, the local geology, duration, and human buildings. |
| Tsunami | A giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine (under water) earthquake, or landslide. |
| Seismic Gap | An area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently, but where strong earthquakes are known to have occurred in the past. |
| Understand how an earthquake can affect buildings and property. | Earthquakes can cause buildings to sway and topple over, or to collapse. Things like roads and bridges can be torn apart. Buildings constructed in earthquake-prone areas are usually built with features that make them better able to withstand the shaking. |
| Understand what people should do before, during and after an earthquake to be safe. | Be prepared. Keep on hand a supply of emergency supplies. Have a safety plan in place. Learn how to shut off utilities. Move to a safer position. Stay away from tall buildings, tunnels, power lines or bridges. Be cautious about fire hazards. |
| Understand how earthquake warnings and forecasts can be developed. | Scientists study past earthquakes in a region to make approximate forecasts about future earthquakes. Instruments along fault zones can detect rock movement and an increase in stress. Currently there is no way to accurately predict an earthquake. |
| Know your earthquake! | Year, magnitude, location. |
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2022291AC
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