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Chapter 31 Potter
nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absorption | passage of drug molecules into blood; factors influencing: route of administration; ability of drug to dissolve; & conditions at site of absorption |
| amino acids | building blocks that construct proteins & end products of protein digestion |
| anabolism | constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter |
| anthropometry | measurement of various body parts to determine nutritional & caloric status; muscular development; brain growth; & other parameters |
| carbohydrates | dietary classification of foods comprising sugars; starches; cellulose; & gum |
| catabolism | breakdown of body tissue into simpler substances |
| dietary reference intakes (DRIs) | information on each vitamin or mineral to reflect range of minimum to maximum amounts that avert deficiency or toxicity |
| digestion | breakdown of nutrients by chewing; churning; mixing with fluid; and chemical reactions |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing; commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of esophagus |
| enteral nutrition (EN) | provision of nutrients through gastrointestinal tract when patient cannot ingest; chew; or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients |
| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrates; such as protein or lipid |
| glucose | primary fuel for body; needed to carry out major physiological functions |
| glycogen | polysaccharide that is major carbohydrate stored in animal cells |
| glycogenesis | process for storage of glucose in form of glycogen in liver |
| jejunostomy tube | hollow tube inserted into jejunum through abdominal wall for administration of liquefied foods to patients who have high risk of aspiration |
| lipid | compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents |
| lipogenesis | process during which fatty acids are synthesized |
| metabolism | aggregate of all chemical processes that take palace in living organism; resulting in growth; generation of energy; elimination of wastes; & other functions concerned w/distribution of nutrients in blood after digestion |
| minerals | inorganic elements essential to body b/c of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions |
| monosaturated fatty acid | fatty acid in which some of carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain are joined by double or triple bonds; have only one double or triple bond per molecule & are found as components of fats in such foods as fowls |
| obesity | abnormal increase in proportion of fat cells |
| parenteral nutrition (PN) | administration of nutritional solution into vascular system |
| polyunsaturated fatty acid | fatty acid that has two or more carbon double bonds |
| proteins | any of large group of naturally occurring, complex, organic nitrogenous compounds s |
| saturated fatty acid | fatty acid in which each carbon in chain has attached hydrogen atom |
| unsaturated fatty acid | fatty acid in which unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached & carbon atoms attach to each other w/double bond |
| vitamins | organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological & metabolic functioning of body; with few exceptions cannot be synthesized by body & must be obtained from diet or dietary supplements |
| proteins | major source of building material for muscles; blood; skin; hair; nails; & internal organs |
| proteins | each is composed of large combinations of amino acids containing elements carbon; hydrogen; nitrogen; oxygen; usually sulfur; & occasionally phosphorus; iron; iodine; or other essential constituents of living cell |
| essential nutrients | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, & water |
| provide energy | carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids |
| vitamins & minerals | catalysts for use of nutrients for energy |
| minerals & water | regulate body processes |
| carbohydrates | starches & sugars obtained mainly from plant foods w/exception of lactose--found in milk |
| carbohydrates | contributes as much as 90% of total caloric intake in parts of world where grains are major food source |
| carbohydrates | provides 4 kilocalories per gram (kcal/g) energy |
| fiber | another type of carbohydrate |
| fiber | provides structural part of plants & is sometimes called non-starch polysaccharides |
| fiber | includes some non-polysaccharides such as lignins & tannins |
| fiber | human digestive system cannot break this down |
| soluble fiber | becomes gel in water & delays gastrointestinal transit time |
| soluble fiber | helps prevent diarrhea in tube-fed patients |
| insoluble fiber | does not change in water & accelerates intestinal transit |
| insoluble fiber | helps prevent constipation in patients taking pain medication |
| proteins | provides 4 kcal/g of energy |
| infants under 6 months of age require this much protein per day | 2.2 g/kg |
| adolescents require this much protein per day | 1 g/kg |
| most healthy adults require this much protein per day | 0.8 g/kg |
| someone with disease will need this much protein per day | double or triple normal amount |
| pregnant women will need this additional amount above usual daily amount | 30 g |
| lactating women will need this additional amount above usual daily amount | 20 g |
| lipids | provides 9 kcal/g of energy |
| triglycerides | approximately 98% of lipids in foods & 90% of lipids in human body constitute this form |
| triglycerides | contribute to high blood levels of certain lipoproteins linked to cardiovascular diseases |
| ingestion of ________________ appears to increase blood cholesterol levels | saturated fatty acids |
| ________________ appear to lower blood cholesterol levels | monounsaturated fatty acids |
| most ________________ have high proportions of saturated fatty acids | animal fats |
| most ________________ have higher amounts of unsaturated & polyunsaturated fatty acids | vegetable fats |
| ________________ are linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) & linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) | two primary essential fatty acids (EFA) |
| metabolism of ________________ has effects on regulation of blood pressure, blood clot formation, & immune response | essential fatty acids |
| ________________ is body's form of energy stored as fat | adipose |
| metabolism of ________________ of lipid yields 9 kcal | 1 g |
| ________________ account for 35% to 45% of American diet | lipids |
| American Heart Association (AHA) recommends limiting total fat intake to ________________ of calories & saturated fats to ________________ of total energy intake for total population | 30% or less; less than 10% |
| American Heart Association (AHA)recommends increasing intake of dietary omega-3 fatty acids to assist in treatment of ________________ | hypertriglyceridemia |
| ________________ are organic substances present in small amounts in foods & are essential for normal metabolism | vitamins |
| ________________ is usually highest in foods that are fresh & used quickly after minimal exposure to heat, air, or water | vitamin content |
| ________________ are stored in limited amounts for short periods of time, necessitating daily consumption | water-soluble vitamins |
| continuous high doses of water-soluble vitamins (niacin, vitamin B6, choline, & vitamin C) result in ________________ | toxicity |
| ________________ are able to be stored in body for longer periods | fat-soluble vitamins |
| ________________ is in dark leafy green vegetables, but body also produces it within ________________ | vitamin K; large intestine |
| body produces ________________ as response to sunlight exposure | vitamin D |
| it has been suggested that all adults consume standard ________________ daily that include folate, vitamins B12, B6, & D which help prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer, & osteoporosis, but there are risks based upon certain individuals | multivitamin supplement |
| minerals are classified as ________________ when daily requirement is 100 mg or more | macrominerals |
| minerals are classified as ________________ when daily requirements is less than 100 mg | microminerals |
| ________________ play role in balancing pH of body, & specific amounts are necessary in blood & cells to promote acid-base balance | macrominerals |
| ________________ are called trace elements b/c required amount is usually very small or trace | microminerals |
| excess of one ________________ sometimes causes deficiency of another & toxicity of one being overtaken | trace mineral |
Created by:
chaptravelman
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