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BIO 140 test 2
Chapter four
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Genetic change in populations over time |
| Micro-evolution | Small changes in populations over time |
| Macro-evolution | Large changes in populations over time |
| Natural selection | Survival of the fittest |
| Adaptation | Trait allowing success |
| Mutation | Abnormality or accidental flaw in DNA replication |
| Artificial selection | Human selects certain traits, eg. livestock, crops, pets work animals |
| Biodiversity | Amount of living organisms in an area |
| Population | Group of individuals of a particular species that live in the same area |
| Species | A population or group of populations whose members share certain traits and can breed |
| Speciation | Process of producing new species |
| Fossils | An imprint in stone of a dead organism |
| Extinction | Disappearance of a species from Earth |
| Biosphere | Sum of all life |
| Ecology | Study of interactions of organisms |
| Ecology level 1 | Organism- an individual living thing |
| Ecology level 2 | Population- group of organisms of same species living in the same area |
| Ecology level 3 | Community-Group of two or more different species living together in one area |
| Ecology level 4 | Ecosystem-a community, its nonliving environment and interactions between them |
| Ecology level 5 | Biosphere- sum of all living things |
| Population ecology | study of how individuals within the same species interact |
| Community ecology | study of how different populations(multiple species) interact with each other and the environment |
| Habitat | where an organism lives-address |
| Niche | organism's role in an ecosystem |
| Specialists | species with narrow roles and very specific requirements eg. endangered species |
| Generalists | broad niche eg. roaches |
| Population size | number of individual organisms present at a given time |
| Population density | number of individuals per unit area |
| Population distribution-random | no particular pattern |
| Population distribution-uniform | evenly spaced |
| Population distribution-clumped | patches(most common type) |
| Sex ratio | proportion of males to females |
| Growth rate and its factors-natality | births |
| Growth rate and its factors-mortality | deaths |
| Growth rate and its factors-immigration | arrival |
| Growth rate and its factors-emigration | departure |
| J-curve | shows exponential increase |
| Limiting factors | prevent, limit or restrain population growth |
| Exponential growth | population increases by a fixed percentage each year |
| Carrying capacity | maximum population size that environment can sustain |
| Logistic growth curve | rises at first, levels off,has reached carrying capacity |
| Environmental resistance | stabilizes the population size at its carrying capacity, sum of all limiting factors |
| Density dependent factors | influence waxes and wanes with the population density (space, illness, predation) |
| Density independent factors | limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density (fire, flood temperature) |
| Biotic potential | ability to produce offspring |
| K-selected species | their populations tend to stabilize over time at or near carrying capacity, commonly symbolized as K |
| R-selected species | focus on quantity, not quality, have high biotic potential and devote their energy and resources to producing as many offspring as possible in a relatively short time (no prenatal care) |
Created by:
kerinv
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