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BSCS biology
Vocab for biology
| Word | Difintion |
|---|---|
| Digestion | the process by which food breaks down into molecules that an organism can absorb or use |
| Extracellular Digestion | the breakdown of nutrients outside of cells |
| intracellular digestion | the breakdown of nutrients within a cell |
| ingestion | the process of taking a substance from the environment, usually food, into the body |
| saliva | liquid secreted in the mouth; begins mechanical and chemical digestion |
| epiglottis | flap of cartilaginous tissue at the base of the tongue in mammals; prevents food from entering the trachea, the airway to the lungs, during swallowing |
| peristalsis | - the rhythmic waves of contraction of the smooth muscle that pushes food through the digestive tract |
| feces | - the waste material expelled from the digestive tract; poop, crap, droppings, excrement, etc. |
| salivary amylase | - an enzyme in saliva that begins digestion of starch; converts starch to disaccharides |
| gastrin- | a digestive hormone secreted by the stomach lining; stimulates the secretion of fluid by gastric glands in the stomach |
| pepsin- | a protein-splitting enzyme secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach |
| pepsinogen- | the inactive form of pepsin |
| trypsin | - an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down protein molecules |
| bile- | a secretion of the liver stored in the gallbladder and released through a duct to the small intestine; breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones that enzymes can act on more efficiently |
| lipase- | a fat-digesting enzyme |
| villi | finger-like projections of the small intestine that increase the surface area of absorption for digested food |
| capillaries- | microscopic blood vessels that penetrate tissues and consists of a single layer of cells that allows exchange between the blood and tissue fluids |
| esophagus | - muscular tube that connects the oral cavity with the stomach |
| nephrons | the functional unit of a kidney consisting of a glomerulus, its associated capsule, and tubule, surronded by cappilaries |
| kidneys | an organ that regulates water and salt levels, filters water and wastes from the blood, and excretes the end products |
| urinary system | a vertebrate organ system that regulates levels of water and dissloved substances in the body, excreting wastes as urine |
| urine | the solution of wastes excreted from the kidney |
| ureter | a muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | an organ that stores urine before it is discharged from the body through the urethra |
| urethra | the tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| glomeruler capsule | the cup of a nephron, which filters blood; also called bowman's capsule |
| glomerulus | a ball of cappilaries surrounded by a glomeruler capsule in the nephron; the site of filtration in the kindneys |
| aldosterone | a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland; helps regular sodium and potassium concentration and water balance |
| feedback regulation | the regulation of the activity of a enzyme by one of its products |
| anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) | a hormone released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (an endocrine gland in the brain) enhances concervation of water by the kidneys |
| ATP Synthetase | an enzyme complex in the inner membrane of a mitochondrian and the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that catalyses the formation of ATP |
| Bundle Sheath | a tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds a vascular bundle of leaves in the C4 plants such as Crabgrass and Corn in which Co2 is fixed twice |
| Calvin Cycle | the cycle that incorporates carbon dioxide in sugars during photosynthesis; uses chemical energy previously converted from light energy |
| CAM | crassulacean-acid metabolism; an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions in which carbon dioxide entering open stomates at night in converted into organic acids that release carbon dioxide during the day when the stomates are closed |
| Chemoautotrophs | an organism that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide |
| Chlorophyll | the green pigments of plants and many microorganisms; converts light energy (via changes involving electrons) chemical energy that is used in biological reactions |
| Chloroplast | an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists; the site of photosynthesis |
| Light Reactions | the energy-capturing reactions in photosynthesis |
| Limiting Factors | environmental factors such as food, temperature, water, or sunlight that restrict growth, metabolism or population size |
| NADP | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; a hydrogen carrier in photosynthesis |
| Photo Respiration | metabolic pathway in plants that consumes oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and reduces photosynthesis |
| Photoautotroph | an organism that derives energy from light and forms its own organic compounds (food) from a biotic carbon sources |
| Photoinhibition | damage to the light-gathering process in photosynthesis; occurs when a chloroplast has absorbed to much light energy |
| Pigments | coloring matter or substance |
| Rate | amount of change over a period of time |
| aerobic | occuring or living in the presence of free or dissolved oxygen |
| anerobic | ocurring in conditions without free or dissolved oxygen |
| cell respiration | the series of chemical reactions by which a living cell breaks down carbohydrates and obtains energy from them |
| coenzyme A | a coenzyme, a small molecule required for enzymatic activity, present in all cells; necessary for cell respiration and fatty acid metabolism |
| cytochromes | an electron carrying pigment in electron transport systems; cytocrome C is the most abundant |
| electron transport system | the process in which electrons transfer from one carrier molecule to another in photosynthesis and in cell respiration; results in storage of some of the energy in ATP molecules |
| faculative aerobes | an organism that is normally anerobic but can also grow in the presence of oxygen |
| FAD | flavent adenine dinucleotide; combines with two hydrogen atoms during cell respiration to form FADH2 |
| glycosis | the initial breakdown of a carbohydrate, usually glucose, into smaller molecules at the beginning of cell respiration or fermentation |
| hydrolysis | the splitting of a molecule by reaction with water |
| Krebs cycle | the cycle in cell respiration that completes the breakdown of the intermediate products of glcolysis, releasing energy; also, a source of carbon skeletons for use in biosynthesis reactions |
| lactate | in mammals, to secrete milk; in chemistry, the ion of a 3-carbon acid (lactic acid) formed from pyruvic acid in fermentation |
| lactic acid fermentation | an anerobic pathway producing ATP when the conversion of pyruvate to lactate produces NAD+, whcih cycles back through glycosis |
| mitochondria | the organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cell respiration; the site of ATP synthesis of the Krebs cycle |
| NAD | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an electron and hydrogen carrier in cell respiration |
| obligate anerobes | a microorganism that lives without using oxygen and finds the presence of oxygen harmful |
| obligate aerobes | a microorganism that requires oxygen to live |
| pyruvic acid | three carbon compound that is the end product of glycosis |
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firechick2780
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