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chapter 8 & 10 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere |
| focus | the point within Earth where an earthquake starts |
| seismic waves | the energy released by the earthquake travels in all directions from the focus |
| epicenter | the location on the surface directly above the focus |
| elastic rebound | the tendency for the deformed rock along a fault to spring back after an earthquake |
| body waves | waves that travel through Earth's interior |
| P waves | push-pull waves that push and pull particles in the direction the waves travel |
| S waves | particles at right angles to the waves' direction of travel |
| surface waves | a seismic wave that travels along the surface of Earth |
| seismograph | measures and records details of earthquakes |
| seismogram | a record produced by a seismograph |
| Richter Scale | numerical scale (1-?) based on height of largest seismic waves |
| Moment Magnitude Scale | used by seismologists to measure the size of earthquakes; more accurate; measures the amount of energy released |
| Modified Mercalli Scale | Roman numeral scale (I-XII) that measures the intensity created by an earthquake; based on observations of survivors and structural damage seen by scientist |
| liquefaction | soil and rock are saturated with water |
| tsunami | a wave formed when the ocean floor shifts suddenly during an earthquake |
| seismic gap | an area along a fault where there has not been any earthquake activity for a long period of time |
| crust | thin, rocky outer layer of Earth |
| mantle | solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of 2890 kilometers |
| outer core | liquid layer 2260 kilometers thick |
| inner core | solid sphere with a radius of 1,220 kilometers |
| Moho | short for Mohorovicic discontinuity |
| Ring of Fire | long belt of volcanoes that circles much of the Pacific Ocean |
| hot spot | a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma, which rises to Earth's surface |
| viscosity | a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow |
| vent | an opening in the surface of the Earth through which molten rock and gases are released |
| pyroclastic material | particles produced in volcanic eruptions |
| volcano | opening that allows magma to escape to the surface |
| crater | steep-walled depression at the summit of many volcanoes |
| shield volcano | produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas |
| cinder cone | explosive eruptions of granitic lava |
| composite volcano | combination of a shield volcano and a cinder cone |
| caldera | when a magma chamber empties, the cone can collapse |
| lahar | mudflows created by volcanoes |
| pluton | a body of intrusive igneous rock |
| sill | a pluton that forms where magma flows between parallel layers of sedimentary rock |
| laccolith | a lens-shaped pluton that has pushed the overlyingroocklayers upward |
| dike | a pluton that forms when magma moves into fractures that cut across rock layers |
| batholith | a body of intrusive igneous rock that has a surface exposure of more than 100 square kilometers |
Created by:
2008292
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